The Impact of United Kingdom Tourism on the Employment Rate.

The impact of United Kingdom Tourism on the Employment rate. Source : Travel and Tourism Economic Impacts 2012 United Kingdom UK Tourism had generated 938,500 jobs in 2011 which is 3. 0% of total employment in the UK economy. The Tourism employment includes airlines, transportation service, hotels, restaurant, travel agents and leisure industries directly and indirectly supported by tourism. According to the data, there is a decrease from year 2002 to year 2005.Fords end 90 years of British car production with the loss of more than 2000 jobs after the last Fiesta was made at its factory in Dagenham. This somehow brings an impact on the tourism industry and indirectly affect on the industry. In addition, the UK government has introduce a tax rises at the year 2002. This had affect on some of the citizens of UK with less inbound tourism and outbound tourism with the taxation. Moreover, with the Iraq war happening at 2003, this greatly brings a huge impact to the tourism industry of UK. The government has spent around 7. 4 billion pound on the Iraq war.The rises on year 2006 were because of the grand opening of the Emirates stadiums which brings in a lot of footballs fans to the country. The international friendly matches featured the Brazil national football team had successfully brightened up the tourism of United Kingdom again which leads to the contribution of employment. The world economic crisis happened at the year 2007 which lead to a decrease on the chart till the year 2009. During the world economic crisis, the whole world when in the recession and affect on the travel industry directly and indirectly.However, the critical decrease on the year 2009 was due to the Norovirus. The Norovirus case was happened at the whole Europe where some of the vegetable was polluted and affect illness to the consumer. The virus has cause a panic in UK and the whole Europe. There is a positive growth from the year 2010 to year 2012 towards tourism economic employment. It w as because of the Olympic held in UK where bring the growth to the country. Government had spent money on the tourism facility and building to support the tourist that visit the country for the great events.This had created jobs opportunity for the citizen of UK as more labor was needed for tourism industry including hotel, travel agents, food and beverage, transportation and etc. The Olympic had brings an unpredicted opportunity to boost inbound and also outbound to the UK over the next decade. One in twelve jobs in UK was currently directly or indirectly supported by tourism and the number of jobs supported by tourism is set to increase between year 2010 and year 2020. Reference Tourism Alliance (2012) UK Tourism Statistic2012 United Kingdom World Travel and Tourism Council (2012) Travel and Tourism Economic Impact 2012 United Kingdom

Admissions MBA

I can vividly remember how happy I am to do trade-ins with my friends and siblings when I am still a kid. Every time I like something which my friends or siblings have, I try to convey them to trade in to what I have. With small and simple talks, I able to make them compromise to what I have offered. Unknowingly, that simple gesture already foretold of what I would be like when I become an adult which is to do business.I am a graduate of computer science and hold a master’s degree in the aforementioned course but the interest that I have with MBA has never subsided. I am very much interested in MBA with concentration in Management.MBA or Master of Business Administration is everyone’s dream. It is an achievement for an individual to finish this master’s degree. I have a number of reasons why I want to do an MBA.It is basically for my self-improvement however I have five reasons that are on my top list. First thing is, I firmly believe that MBA program would allow me to have further studies that would enhance my knowledge and skills related to the field of my specialization; thus, it will get me updated to any recent buzz related to this field.Secondly, MBA offers a lot of opportunities especially we are in this modern and competitive world where everyone must has its own edge to cope the competition; thus it is an edge for me if I have an MBA. Thirdly, MBA ensures excellence and eminence business education that equips individuals to be competitive and perform tasks efficiently.The fourth one is it gives me more opportunities to be exposed to different subjects such as economics, international business, marketing, finance and etc. that I don’t learn in my previous studies and I have the chance to concentrate on my chosen area of specialization.The last one would be, MBA does not only equip me academically but it would change my perspectives in life through the rigid training and studies that I will be going through.

Perspectives on Love Essay

Love and relationships are controversial topics in which people encounter on a daily basis. They are also topics that are viewed by many different people, from different perspectives. Three authors write on the topic of love; Katherine Anne Porter in â€Å"Marriage is Belonging†, June Callwood in â€Å"Forget Prince Charming† and Robertson Davies in â€Å"The Pleasures of Love†. Porter argues that both partners must surrender their freedom and social life in order to obtain a steady relationship. She argues this because one must take time out of their social life in order to put time and effort into a relationship. Whereas, Callwood argues that long term relationships are unlike fairy tales and therefore require balance and compromise. Callwood argues this because individuals need to work at their relationship in order for their love to continue to thrive. Lastly, Davies argues when communication and understanding is abundant in a relationship, love is less likely to die. Davies argues this because communication is crucial in respect to discovering the traits and reasoning that brought them together. Individual’s perspectives on love and how to find a lifelong partner differ greatly. Katherine Anne Porter, the author of â€Å"Marriage is Belonging†, writes that one must sacrifice their independence in order to â€Å"†¦share another life, the life in fact presumably dearest to them† (Porter 56). Being united with someone means that one must always be loyal, honest and generous towards their partner. Porter says that these characteristics as well as reducing the importance of a social life â€Å"are required for two people to go on growing together and in the same direction† (Porter58). She uses this quote to explain that one must give up partial freedom so that time and effort can be put into the beginning of their new, shared life. As a result of surrendering one’s social life for a significant other, in return one will be compensated with a permanent place to belong. Likewise Porter, June Callwood believes that one must give something to get something in return. Callwood writes that building a life-long union requires a lot of work and effort. Balance and compromise from both parties is required for a relationship to survive. To prove her thesis Callwood writes â€Å"†¦Dr. William Blatz was asked the secret of his serene marriage. He replied ‘I make the dressing and she makes the salad. ’† (Callwod 323). Callwood effectively uses this quote to demonstrate thatr elationships are a collaboration. Though balance is not always fifty-fifty, effort comes from both sides. In â€Å"Forget Prince Charming† Callwood shares a realistic perspective of a long-term relationship, in which does not involve ‘Prince Charming’, but two individuals who compromise and work towards learning to live with one another. Lifelong relationships do not come easy and are something that partners need to work at. In agreement with Callwood, Davies believes that relationships require effort. In â€Å"The Pleasures of Love†, Davies claims that the love of individuals that confide in each other continues to thrive. He writes, â€Å"†¦knowing only that they will be happier united than apart, they had better set to work as soon as possible to discover why they married and nourish the feeling which has drawn them together† (Davies 53). Davies uses this quote to express that individuals that are in love must discover what they like about their partner in order to enjoy each other’s company and to have a loved plentiful union. In addition, he states in his essay, communication between lovers leads to a stronger, long lasting relationship. â€Å"People who love each other should talk to each other; they should confide their honest emotions, their deepest wishes† (Davies 54). This quote demonstrates that when one shares emotions and secrets with their significant other results in understanding of feelings as well as trust. Communication between partners is an important part of keeping love alive.

Compare and Contrast two Poet Laureate from U.S. and England Research Paper

Compare and Contrast two Poet Laureate from U.S. and England - Research Paper Example Analyzing the reasons for the admiration and desirable positions of the poets, many are of the view it is a God given talent which is unfeasible for an ordinary one to attain. If such a one attempts poetry, it will turn absurd and cannot be treated as readable. The great epics like Iliad and Odyssey, written in poetic language undoubtedly unveil enchanting power of poetry. If one goes little further, one can see that the plays of Shakespeare still bewitch readers and audience with their tremendous poetic language. Therefore, one is obvious about the decisive role of poetry in influencing the majority and the appreciated positions of poets. Poet Laureate has been one such means to honor the great poets. It is an official position conferred to the respectable or the well talented poets for a particular period of time. The proposed paper aims to study the title ‘Poet Laureate,’ identifying the popular poet laureates of the past centuries and attempting a comparative study b etween Poet Laureates from two different countries, specifically, England and The United States and make comparisons or contrasts, about them. Origin of the word ‘laureate’ It would be interesting for one to analyze the history of Poet Laureate before attempting a grave ‘study on this topic. Researchers have identified the word ‘laureate has some historical importance. ... term â€Å"laureate† comes from the use of bay laurel leaves in ancient Greece to create wreaths or crowns for heroes and the victors in athletic and literary competitions† (Holman and Snyder). Thus, it is evident that the victor was given the wreath of laurel leaves and the word ‘laureate’ began to be used in the sense of ‘victorious.’ Therefore, one can infer that ‘Poet Laureate’ became the title given to the most successful poet during a particular time period. Bob Holman and Margery Snyder observe, â€Å"In the Middle Ages, â€Å"Poet laureate† came to mean the poet chosen to serve a king or other noble patron by writing poems honoring the monarch and the state embodied in that monarch† (Holman and Snyder). The History of the tradition of the Poet Laureate The history of the English poet laureate dates back to the 12th century and the English Royal House of Plantagenet (The poet laureate). History identifies that t he poets during that time were known as ‘versifiers’ and were privileged by the kings and awarded fees and pensions. Regarding the English tradition it is identifiable that the English Royal houses continued their patronage for centuries and later the Tudors and Stuarts followed it. The online article entitled, â€Å"Poet Laureate† traces the history of poet laureate when writes thus, â€Å"The position of Poet Laureate was informally created by Charles I for Ben Jonson in 1617, however, the title did not become an official royal office until it was conferred by letters patent on John Dryden in 1670† (The poet laureate). The article adds, â€Å"The position became the Poet Laureate of Great Britain in 1707, when The Act of Union created "Great Britain" as the political name of England, Scotland, and Wales.† Some of the historical evidences

Management--corporate governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management--corporate governance - Essay Example It has been observed that there exists a high level of inequality in the society and the same could prove to be disastrous for the development of an economy. It is thus with, this objective that the recommendations are sought to improve the workings of the corporate world, encourage equality, transparency and accountability and make the Australian remuneration system internationally competitive - i.e. at par with international standards. According to the new recommendations, the key management personnel will now be prohibited from voting their shares on remuneration reports. Such a step would bring about significant reforms in the corporate world, and encourage entrepreneurship and innovation, thus contributing to the nation's economy and prosperity. Furthermore by prohibiting the management from voting their shares on the remuneration report, it would help in increasing shareholder signal on non-binding vote thus leading to better informed shareholders. The recommendations 4 through 9 (with the exception of recommendation 5) essentially seeks to restrict the activities of the shareholders with regard to their voting rights on the basis of remuneration reports; simplify the language used in such reports to make it more accessible to the investors; and to encourage the disclosure of remuneration paid to all management personnel occupying key positions in organizations as opposed to the existing arrangement which stipulates the reporting of remuneration of the top five management personnel. Concerns have been raised regarding the remuneration received by executives and particularly with regard to the level of average wages received by them. These concerns have existed since long, but have caught momentum in the wake of the global financial crisis resulting in a substantial reduction in the shareholder wealth, and the resultant consequences - those of rising unemployment in the nation. The key objective thus, of establishing a robust framework for deciding appropr iate remuneration for executives is to ensure that the trust of the communities at large in corporate governance is suitably upheld, in the larger benefit of the wider economy. The reforms in executive remuneration have been sought by various segments of the society since long, and such changes, are aimed at resolving the issues raised by the them, with regard to excessive payments made to the executives which depict their greed and mismanagement / misappropriation of funds; which is likely to culminate into a financial crisis, affecting a large section of the society as well as the economy. Furthermore, the recommendations would help in putting an end to constant public enquires and outcry with regard to their deteriorating standards of living on account of increase in taxes to bail out companies caught in deep financial crisis. Furthermore, the Commission aims to ensure through these recommendations that it will help in reducing or eliminating the at least some of the doubts and c oncerns revolving the remunerations paid to the directors and key management personnel and reinforce faith in the investors, and in the wider community. One of the key objectives is to stabilize management remuneration and prevent it

Medical seizures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Medical seizures - Essay Example Seizures are temporary phenomena; some individuals have got repeated episodes of seizures. These repeated episodes have been given a medical name of epilepsy. Individuals with seizures may present in different ways depending upon the level of and number of neurons involved. In a number of individuals, it is just a jerky movement involving one or more limbs or other areas with conscious level maintained while in others the movements may involve whole body and individual may loose her/his consciousness. So, seizures have been classified according to the level of complexity and consciousness. When some parts of the body are involved, seizures are called as partial otherwise they are generalized. If consciousness is lost which usually occurs with generalized seizures then these are called complex, if consciousness is present, these are simple seizures. Generalized seizures may affect body in a variety of ways and they have been further divided based on the types of movements they are pro ducing: absence, myoclonic, clonic and atonic seizures. In contrast, there are some situations in which these seizures may be single, for example: trauma or head injury, high grade fever especially in children, a symptom of other diseases including tumor and reactions to some drugs. At times, a partial seizure may spread in the brain when it is called secondary generalization. A persistent state of seizures for more than 5 minutes or by other doctors for 30 minutes is called status epilepticus. It is a real emergency state, which needs urgent measures to bring the patient out of the condition (Wikipedia, Carpenter ch:125). Current Treatment Treatment is required when seizures become recurrent. If the cause of the seizure is removed then there is no need of use of epileptic drugs; this occurs in situations like febrile conditions in children or seizures due to electrolytes imbalance. Main purpose of these drugs is to stop seizures because in addition to the direct effects of seizures there are chances of more severe complications, for example accidents resulting from seizures while driving, to arise if these seizures are not treated effectively. The criteria for starting anti-epileptic drugs are: evidence of focal neurological lesion based on clinical examination, radiological findings or EEG interpretations. If seizures occur once and there are no other findings especially in adults then there is no need of epileptic drugs. These drugs have been classified and prioritised for various types of seizures: Partial - simple and complex: carbamazepin,phenytoin, valproate, gabapentin, lamotrigine, topiramate Secondary generalized: carbamazepin, phenytoin, valproate, gabapentin, lamotrigine, topiramate Primary Generalized - absence: ethosuximide, valproate, lamotrigine Primary Generalized - tonic-clonic: valproate, carbamazepin, phenytoin, lamotrigine Primary Generalized - myoclonic and tonic: valproate, clonazepam Some of the patients do not get benefits from the medical treatment. The only option left for them is surgical resection of the hyperactive area in the brain. This is a very sophisticated procedure, which requires exact location of the area of brain with abnormal hyper excitability (Carpenter ch:125). Treatment of choice for status epilepticus has been diazepam even in the presence

The Electoral College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Electoral College - Essay Example This research will begin with the definition of the Electoral College as a system of indirect voting applied for the presidential elections in the USA. The Electoral College concept can be interpreted as an opposite voting mechanism to the majority system which counts directly the citizens’ votes and whoever candidate gets the majority of votes becomes president of the state. If the majority system had been applied to the Presidential elections in 2000, for instance, Al Gore would have been the winner since he received the majority of popular votes. When the Electoral College cast their votes the winner in that elections turned out to be his opponent: G.W. Bush. I will refer to the case as one of the four exceptions of the general rule according to which if a candidate wins the public vote he presumably wins the Electoral college vote too. During the times of the state legislation formation a group of framers, The Founding Fathers, known as the   "Committee of Eleven" in the Constitutional Convention, proposed an indirect election of president through a College of Electors: The function of the College of Electors in choosing the president can be likened to that in the Roman Catholic Church of the College of Cardinals selecting the Pope. The structure of the Electoral College can be traced to the Centurial Assembly system of the Roman Republic. Under that system, the adult male citizens of Rome were divided, according to their wealth, into groups of 100 (called Centuries).... citizens go to local voting booths to elect the next president and vice president of the country. Their votes are recorded and counted, then winners are declared. But the results of the popular vote are not guaranteed to stand because the Electoral College has not cast its vote. The size of the Electoral college has been set at 538 since the election of 1964. Each state is allocated as many electors as it has Representatives and Senators in the United States Congress. The number of electors is equal to the total membership of both houses of Congress (100 Senators and 435 Representatives) plus the 3 electors allocated to the District of Columbia, totalling 538 electors. How different is the process in different states - For 48 states it's known as the "winner-take-all system." The "district system," is observed in both Maine and Nebraska. In these states, two electors' votes are made based on the candidate who received the most votes statewide. The remaining electoral votes go by congressional districts, awarding the vote to the candidate who received the most votes in each district. How the electors are chosen in each state - All depends on the state legislature. According to Howstuffworks web site there are two common ways of selection: The elector is nominated by his or her state party committee (perhaps to reward many years of service to the party). The elector "campaigns" for a spot and the decision is made during a vote held at the state's party convention. (Howstuffworks) According to the Constitution there are no real educational or racial restrictions in order to classify for elector. In fact, electors are usually people devoted to politics, active political party members or political

Business study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business study - Essay Example This paper evaluates the effect that the European Union has on employee relations in the EU member states and specifically the United Kingdom. Organizations and HRM specialists have to realize that laws formulated at the EU level are superior to the domestic laws of the member states. This is relevant to employment legislation just as much as legislation in every other area. What is encouraging is that the EU incorporates the bodies that are tasked with formulating policies in the member states in the making of legislations that affect all the member states. Of course, the British government can continue to make any social and employment laws that it wants to implement domestically if they do not undermine the requirements laid down by the EU law (Morris, Willey, & Sachdev, 2002). Starting from the late 1950s, the European Union has developed with stages of great activity followed by times of standstill. In essence, the Maastricht Treaty of 1991, which altered the issue of the European Economic Community to the European Union, marked the start of an active phase towards a deeper and bigger Europe. In 1992, the European Economic Area was characterized by accord on eastern expansion and 1995 saw Austria, Finland, and Sweden becoming fully pledged members of the EU. The Intergovernmental Conference (ICG) came into effect in March 1996, and agreed at Maastricht to offer prolongation of this active phase (Timming, 2007). The ICG is tasked with a triple mandate of reforming the EU decision-making and organizations, extending EU responsibility for mutual foreign and defence policies, and enhancing collaboration on immigration, safe haven, military and other home affairs matters. At the same breath, the EU needs to go on with balancing common financial interests with national and sectorial economic interests. Central to the achievement of political

Self-reliance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Self-reliance - Essay Example Emerson emphasizes on the need of knowing oneself and capabilities. It has been observed that a man who considers himself genius is often left-out or abandoned by the world. His norms or his customs become strange to the people. Emerson continues with the thought that society is the main influencing factor on the lives of such people who eventually comprise on their values, beliefs and customs to make the world and the society happy. A person should be allowed to live his life which he believes is good for him; anyone who creates a pattern in his life can be considered as defying his nature or his sphere of life. The lines explores that a person should not follow the pattern which is drawn for him by other people. He needs to think challenging steps to explore the beauty of life. Foolish people can only follow the norms and customs without knowing whether they are beneficial for him or not but wise men don’t do that. Wise men follow the logic and rationale behind everything. People pray without knowing the true essence and meaning of the prayers. A prayer is a form of faith that a person has on God. Emerson in his essay has stressed on the need of praying honestly and with all faith. In his essay, â€Å"self-reliance†, he has clearly stated that people pray to get their worldly desires to be fulfilled in a mean and selfish way. Prayers should be free of meanness; they should be pure and genuine. According to Emerson, our prayers are more focused on the fulfillment of our personal means at the cost of others. He states in his essay that our prayers can be exemplified â€Å"as a means to effect a private end is meanness and theft." Only by being self-reliance and determined we can pray with all our honesty. According to him our prayers should not be focused on attaining our personal goals; they should have a wider sphere of benefits for us and for the humanity. A self reliant soul would ask beyond his means from God. As a

Beauty in The Bluest Eye Essay Example for Free

Beauty in The Bluest Eye Essay The Bluest Eye is a brilliantly written novel revealing the fictional trauma of an eleven-year-old black girl named Pecola Breedlove. This story takes place in the town of Lorain, Ohio during the 1940’s. It is told from the perspective of a young girl named Claudia MacTeer. She and her sister, Frieda, become witness to the terrible plights Pecola is unintentionally put through. Pecola chooses to hide from her disabling life behind her clouded dream of possessing the ever so cherished â€Å"bluest of eyes†. The Breedlove’s constant bickering and ever growing poverty contributes to the emotional downfall of this little girl. Pecola’s misery is obtained through the touch of her father’s hand and the voice of her community’s struggle with racial separation, anger, and ignorance. Her innocence is harshly ripped from her grasp as her father rapes her limp existence. The community’s anger with it’s own insecurities is taken out on this poor, ugly, black, non-ideal, young girl. She shields herself from this sorrow behind her obsessive plea for blue eyes. But her eyes do not replace the pain of carrying her fleeing father’s baby. Nor do they protect her from the shady eyes of her neighbours. Though this book discuses negative and disturbing situations, it teaches a very positive lesson. The theme of The Bluest Eye is that of depending on outside influences to become aware of one’s own beauty and to fabricate one’s own self image can be extremely damaging. Topic Tracking: Beauty Beauty 1: Claudia is constantly faced with white ideals of beauty. For Christmas one year, she receives a blue-eyed, blonde-haired, pink-skinned doll. Rather than adore the doll, she destroys and dismembers it as a result of her anger. Claudia feels she can never measure up to the beauty of white children, the beauty that all the world reveres. Beauty 2: The Breedloves are poor and ugly. At least that is how they think the world views them. Their beliefs that they are ugly come from white American media always portraying whites as representations of what is beautiful. Because of this, they do not strive for more, for they think that they do not deserve to have more. Beauty 3: Pecola wishes that she had blue eyes. She thinks that if her eyes were blue, and therefore beautiful according to white American standards, then her problems would go away and her life would be beautiful. Then maybe, her classmates and teachers would not despise her and think she was so ugly. She so hates hersel f that she stares at herself in the mirror trying to figure out where her ugliness comes from. Beauty 4: For one year Pecola prays that her eyes will turn blue. She has many problems in her life, starting with family issues, and she thinks that if she had blue eyes, her problems might go away. And even more than that, if she had blue eyes, people would see her as beautiful, and then she would be able to see herself as beautiful too. Being a black little girl in a society that idolizes blonde-haired blue-eyed beauty, Pecola thinks she is ugly. Pecola sympathizes for the dandelions because she knows what it is like to be devalued. She finds beauty in the weeds, for she thinks that people see her as a weed. Beauty 5: A new little girl, named Maureen Peal, comes to Claudia and Friedas school. Maureen is revered for her looks, which people deem beautiful. She has lighter skin and eyes than most of the other children, and everyone adores her because of this. She is looked upon as beautiful because her characteristics are somewhat more white than other black peoples. This causes many to be jealous of her. However, Claudia and Frieda are not jealous. They see through the standards placed on beauty, and if Maureen is what is beautiful, this means that they are not beautiful (according to society). Beauty 6: When the girls are walking home from getting ice cream after school, they pass a movie theater with a picture of Betty Grable on the building. Maureen and Pecola both say that they love Betty Grable, an icon for white American beauty with her blonde hair and blue eyes. However, showing her disdain for such standards placed on beauty, Claudia says that she prefers the actress, Hedy Lamarr, who has dark hair. Beauty 7: In her younger years, Pauline Breedlove occupied herself by going to the movies. It was here that she got her first glimpse into what idealized beauty was. She saw the Hollywood blonde-haired, blue-eyed bombshells as being true representations of beauty. And anything that strayed from these looks, including her own, was seen as not pretty. American society placed their standards of beauty onto the world, and because of this, many people began to realize how far away they were from those standards. Beauty 8: Pecola goes to visit Soaphead Church with the hope that he will be able to fulfill her wish to have blue eyes. She thinks that with blue eyes, all of her problems will disappear and the world will love her because she will be beautiful. The world, seen through blue eyes, will also appear beautiful to Pecola. Beauty 9: Claudia prays that Pecolas baby will survive. She needs the baby to live to counteract societys standards set on beauty, which say that blonde-haired, blue-eyed little girls are all that is pretty. Claudia hopes that with this new black baby people will change and see blackness as something that can be admired and something that is beautiful. Topic Tracking: Culture Culture 1: Mr. Henry moves into Claudia and Friedas house. One day, the girls come home and when they walk in Mr. Henry greets them. He flatters them by telling them they look just like Greta Garbo and Ginger Rogers, two white American female actresses. These two actresses represented American societys ideal beauty, with their blonde hair and blue eyes. They, and other actresses like them, were so idealized by the media that it forced young American girls, both white and black, to question their own beauty if it differed from the standard of blond hair and blue eyes. Culture 2: After seeing the cup with Shirley Temple on it, Claudia explains her ill feelings for her. Shirley Temple was the epitome of what all of America adored in little girls: her bouncy blonde curls and big blue eyes. This sickened Claudia, as she was so different from Shirley Temple and all of the other little girls who looked like Shirley. Culture 3: Claudia tells the story about the doll she received for Christma s one year. This doll was a beautiful doll that had blonde hair, blue eyes, and pink skin. Instead of appreciating the doll like most other children would have done, Claudia dismembered and destroyed the doll. She was sick of having American ideals of beauty placed on her, which said that being white with blonde hair and blue eyes was what was deemed as beautiful. Culture 4: This excerpt from a first grade reading primer describes the perfect white family. Morrison uses these excerpts in many points of the story to illustrate the dichotomy between the ideal white family, and the family of blacks, specifically Pecolas family. The reading book perpetuates the stigma that what is seen as ideal in American culture means having a neat little house, run by two loving parents, with two children, one of which has blonde hair and blue eyes, and a fun loving dog who plays with the children. This social stigma presses on children who are different that are reading these books, and makes them think they are abnormal and unacceptable. Culture 5: The Breedloves are described. They think they are poor and ugly, and it says that much of the reason they think this is because of the white American media. The media, as part of our culture, sets the standards for what defines beauty, and anything straying from these standards is viewed as ugly. Culture 6: Pecola is constantly faced with the standards set on her society by American culture. She cannot even enjoy a piece of candy without feeling that she is different and lacking in some way in terms of beauty. When she goes to eat her Mary Jane candy, she is mesmerized by the little girl of Mary Jane on the cover, a blonde-haired, blue-eyed girl. These cultural pressures of what defines beauty make Pecola aware of just how much she strays from that defined beauty. This eventually leads to her desire for blue eyes, which in turn leads her into madness. Culture 7: When Pecola, Maureen, Claudia and Frieda are walking home from the ice cream shop, they pass a theater with a picture of Betty Grable on it. Young girls are bombarded with American cultures ideals of beauty, such as pictures of famous actresses. Betty Grable in particular, with h er blonde hair and blue eyes, makes Pecola and Maureen want to look like her. However, despite all of their hopes and wishes, they will never be able to look like that, and they are left as the victims of a culture that standardizes and limits young children. Culture 8: During her younger years, Pauline Breedlove spent a lot of time at the movie theater. It was here where she learned American standards of true beauty. Constantly faced with actresses like Jean Harlow, the ultimate Hollywood blonde bombshell, Pauline was forced to examine her own beauty in terms of Harlows. She realized that she did not look anything like Harlow, and based on this, came to the conclusion that she must be ugly. However, her feelings of ugliness were purely based on cultural standards set on her through the medium of Hollywood. Culture 9: Claudia feels the need for Pecolas baby to be alive and healthy. She wants the baby to survive because she wants to counteract the cultural emphasis placed on white girls with blonde hair and blue eyes, exemplified by the types of white baby dolls most children adore (dolls that look like Shirley Temple). If Pecolas baby lives, maybe people can learn to love a black baby and see black as beautiful too. At least this is what Claudia is hoping for. Culture 10: Pecola beats her arms like a bird, and attempts to fly up to the sky. However, she cannot. The reason she cannot is because she has been held back by the culture in which she lives, a culture that values white beauty, and ignores black beauty. It was an inevitable end result that Pecola would never be able to achieve the standards of beauty she wanted to. She was born a black child, and unfortunately, her culture does not accept black beauty. Thus, her dreams would never be fulfilled. And even though she thinks she has blue eyes, the world around her does not recognize her as she wishes to be seen. And because of this, she is driven to madness, caused by the pressures and social standards of her culture.

Gambling Essay Essay Example for Free

Gambling Essay Essay The difference between gambling and buying stocks of companies is that you are betting on the future of the company and you have records you can research. If something terrible happens to the country, like a natural disaster, stocks will go down. If the country does well, the stock market will most likely go up. The key to doing well in the stock market is to research the companies you are trying to buy stock in. If you just pick a couple random companies to invest your well-earned money in, it would be more like gambling. It is possible to lose a large sum of money buying stocks if a company that was once flourishing has something bad happen. For example, those who owned stock in BP were probably doing all right until they had a vessel drop hundreds of thousands of oil into the gulf. Gambling in a casino, on the other hand is completely different. The house always a edge, and even though the edge is slim it still makes it so that the house will always win in the long run. If you are gambling in Vegas you better be using money you are willing to lose. In conclusion, if you do your homework and research and choose your stock right, more likely than not you will be making money. One thing is for sure I would feel safer tying my money up in the stock market than at the blackjack table.

The Importance Of The Goals Of Sentencing Criminology Essay

The Importance Of The Goals Of Sentencing Criminology Essay The examination and understanding of contemporary criminal justice goals of sentencing is extremely important if scholars are to recognize the every-changing views of crime and punishment. It is common knowledge that crime has always existed as well as the need to punish criminals. While the standards of punishment and sentencing have changed from banishment and fines to torture and blood feuds (Senna Siegel, 2005), it is apparent by examining the goals of sentencing that the contemporary system of punishment is due in part to the formation of Common Law. Examination of the goals of sentencing reveals that there has been an obvious shift from the once acceptable physical punishment towards more humane sentencing options such as imprisonment, probation, parole, intermediate sanctions, indeterminate sentencing, determinate sentencing and the death penalty. Keywords: Goals of Sentencing, Sentencing Options, Concepts of Sentences In order to research the goals of sentencing, it is apparent that scholars must have access to a vast quantity of resources which are reliable as well as accessible. It is also important that a variety of research be examined which at a minimum should include retribution, incapacitation, deterrence (general and specific), rehabilitation and restoration, as well as the existence of imprisonment, probation, parole, intermediate sanctions, indeterminate sentencing, determinate sentencing and the death penalty. While today there are numerous goals and options available that the contemporary criminal justice system focuses on in regards to imposing punishments and sentences, it is obvious that the goals of sentencing have changed from punishments that were once geared toward satisfying the victim, to broader aspects which more recently have been found to focus on reducing recidivism. It is important to note that by examining and researching the various options available today in regards to sentencing, it becomes apparent that there is no longer a set of policies or straight forward sentencing, and what was once a standard punishment for a particular crime is now being replaced by individualized approaches. Literature Review Throughout researching the criminal justice curriculum, scholars are recommended to reference and examine the importance of the goals of sentencing which include retribution, incapacitation, deterrence (general and specific), rehabilitation, restoration, imprisonment, probation, parole, intermediate sanctions, indeterminate sentencing, determinate sentencing and the death penalty. While punishment refers to a negative response that is imposed on an individual due to committing an act that has been established by society as being inappropriate (Hugo, 2010), retribution, which is often referred to as a justification for punishment, involves the offender getting what they deserve. Retribution is often viewed as the practice of an eye-for-an-eye; thus a murderer being put to death for the crime of murder would be considered retribution. Incapacitation refers to the idea that if offenders are incarcerated, additional crimes are prevented thus the perception is that prisons contribute to the solution of crime prevention. Research conducted by Hemmens, Kifer, Stohr (2003) supports this theory with findings that suggest that jail and prison staffs are more likely to recognize the goal of corrections as being incapacitation. The focus on deterrence is divided into two categories which are general deterrence and specific deterrence. While general deterrence focuses on preventing the crime before it happens, specific deterrence focuses on how to reduce recidivism. While examining the two concepts of deterrence, Siegel (1992) discusses the importance of understanding the process that occurs prior to an individual choosing to commit a crime by stating before choosing to commit a crime, the reasoning criminal evaluates the risk of apprehension, the seriousness of the expected punishment, the value of the criminal enterprise, and his or her immediate need for criminal gain (Siegel, 1992, p. 131). Rehabilitation refers to the thought that offenders have underlying reasons for committing the crime and thus the chance of recidivism can be reduced if the offender is afforded the opportunity to have various types of rehabilitation including cognitive and rationale therapy, individual counseling and substance abuse groups. Gadek (2008-2010) discusses rehabilitation versus punishment and notes the cost effectiveness of rehabilitation versus strictly incarceration. Restorative justice is an approach that is based around the belief that offenders should be forced to take responsibility and show accountability for their actions, and the victim as well as the community affected, are paid back to some degree by offenders performing community service or paying restitution. Zehr (2002) discusses that restorative justice takes into consideration not only the victim, but considers what needs the victim and offender has and whose obligation it is to meet the identified needs. Discussion In researching the goals of sentencing, it is apparent that in contrast to the structure of the criminal justice system of twenty years ago, contemporary criminal justice systems have no standard approach. Although contemporary criminal justice policies are still referred to as tough-on-crime policies, most jurisdictions are now focusing on individualized programs. It is evident that there is no one single approach to sentencing an offender; yet in order to understand the fundamentals of crime and punishment, the goals of sentencing which are retribution, incapacitation, deterrence, rehabilitation and restoration must be examined. The principle that is commonly used to describe the ethics of law is that the punishment should fit the crime. Individuals who agree with this theory are increasingly in favor of retributive justice, which includes punishments such as an eye-for-an-eye and a hand-for-an-hand. According to Cavadino Dignan (1997), advocates who support retributive justice advocate that punishment is strictly utilized to punish offenders according to the severity of the crime committed. Maiese (2004) advocates that retributive justice is a matter of giving those who violate human rights law and commit crimes against humanity their just deserts (p. 2). While retributive justice serves to demand that the punishment fit the crime, research suggest that there are negative sides to enforcing the idea of retributive justice. Maiese (2004) discusses that when punishment is solely based on the degree of the crime committed, it is easy to place emphasis on revenge versus retributive justice. Maiese (2004) states like retribution, revenge is a response to wrongs committed against innocent victims and reflects the proportionality of the scales of justice (p. 2). While there are those that support harsh punishments against offenders, there are viable and effective alternatives to retributive justice such as restorative justice and psychiatric imprisonment. Restorative justice has become increasingly more popular as this theory focuses not only on the offender, but includes the victim and the communities that were impacted by the crime committed. Restorative justice places the responsibility on the offender to acknowledge how the crime affected the victim as well the community. It is important to note, that research has suggested that restorative justice is more commonly utilized with property offenses as well as civil and criminal offenses and has been considered ineffective and inappropriate to use with those convicted of drug offenses, domestic violence and sexual assault ( ). In contrast, restorative justice is the opposite of retributive justice in that restorative justice, therefore, advocates restitution to the victim by the offender rather than retribution by the state against the offender (Maiese, 2004, p.1). Restorative justice is achieved by including the offender, victims and the community. This is beneficial in that this process involves all of the individuals who were affected by the crime committed. Examples of restorative justice would include crime victim awareness education for the offender and the offender being held responsible for paying restitution and performing community service. Hayes (2005) notes that another goal and objective of restorative justice is decreasing recidivism. Although there are those such as Beven (2005) that argue that restorative justice has no significance as related to recidivism, Hayes (2005) advocates that restorative justice not only can prevent recidivism but it can deter other potential criminals. In examining deterrence, there are two main ideas that encompass the theories of how to decrease recidivism as well as how to prevent crime altogether. The concepts are general deterrence and specific deterrence. While the general deterrence theory advocates that individuals will commit crimes when there is no fear of punishment, specific deterrence focuses on punishing offenders in order to prevent them from violating the laws that were broken. It is important to note that it is the theory of specific deterrence that utilizes negative sanctions in order to prevent further acts of crime. In researching the various theories of deterrence, the question arises as to whether general deterrence is effective considering that this theories focus is based on an individuals ability to determine whether or not apprehension is a certainty? According to Keel (2005), research as related to capital punishment indicated that the general deterrence theory is not effective. Keel (2005) further notes that there is minimum relevance when considering capital offenses in the states which utilize the death penalty. This noted ineffectiveness in regards to the theories of deterrence also raises the question as to whether incapacitation is an appropriate sentencing option. Incapacitation focuses on the belief that in order to ensure public safety, that it is acceptable and appropriate to incarcerate an individual not necessarily for what they have done, but in order to prevent that individual from committing a crime. It is apparent that incapacitation depends solely on the abilities of the Judge, prosecuting attorney, public defenders as well as local community correction programs to have the skills and education to identify those individuals that have the potential to re-offend. When examining the various forms of sentencing that are currently utilized in contemporary criminal justice systems, home confinement, drug court, day reporting centers and incarceration would all appear to provide a form of incapacitating effect, while sentencing an offender to unsupervised probation, unsupervised home confinement or simply sentencing the offender to pay a fine would not exhibit an incapacitating effect. It is obvious that the ultimate and permanent form of i ncapacitating an offender would be sentencing an individual to the death penalty. While ultimately the goal of sentencing is to provide public safety and to reduce recidivism, the question arises as to whether it would be more cost effective to incapacitate only those offenders who have committed violent crimes and who have increased risk factors that would that would lead one to believe that the offender was capable of committing dangerous crimes. With the importance that is currently being placed on the prison overcrowding, it is sensible to advocate that more offenders should be placed into home confinement or community correction programs which have the resources to offer intense supervision, in order to utilize the prisons that are available for strictly the goal of incapacitation. Rehabilitation versus punishment is a strong consideration when researching the goals of sentencing. While deterrence and a decrease in recidivism are the components that each community strives to meet, each society has a responsibility to consider rehabilitation when enforcing sentencing. Rehabilitation allows an offender the opportunity to become educated about their behavior and affords the offender the chance for change. Although rehabilitation is most commonly utilized with juvenile offenders, it is important to note that rehabilitation has been shown to be effective with the adult offender population when you examine the results that the community correction programs are reporting over the last few years. Incarceration does not offer programs or have a process in which rehabilitation can be offered to offenders and the cost of incarceration far exceeds the costs associated with rehabilitation. Rehabilitation also clearly satisfies the goals of restorative sentencing in that the majority of community correction based programs that exist today have requirements that participants pay their restitution and perform set hours of community service in the community that was offended. It should also be noted that crime victim awareness programs are becoming increasingly p opular in community programs today which educate offenders on how their actions not only affect them, but how the same actions affected the victim and their families. Conclusion The goals of sentencing are important and necessary if society is to maintain order and stability. While contemporary criminal justice systems remain influenced by politics, research supports the theory that increasing the number of offenders that are incarcerated may in fact look like a community is getting tough on crime, but the underlying issue is that this method does nothing for decreasing recidivism; thus in effect, as long as society views incarceration as the choice for punishment, societies will continue to contribute to the increasingly high prison cost as well as contributing negatively to recidivism rates. There are numerous sentencing options available today that clearly satisfy incapacitation, deterrence, retribution, rehabilitation and restoration. Probation, parole, home confinement, day reporting centers, and drug court are all viable options for offenders who are non-violent and pose no danger to society. Rehabilitation offers not only a way to satisfy deterrence, restoration and retribution but it can also contribute to incapacitation in that offenders can be court ordered to locked down psychiatric prisons and rehabilitation centers. It is my belief that there is a need for guidelines in regards to maintaining a consistency between the crime committed and the punishment; yet if it stands true that society is a product of individuals, then society must embrace the effort that the focus can no longer be placed on incarceration but on alternative programs and alternative sentencing in order that the needs of the offenders can be met which in turn allows society to place a positive emphasis on deterrence as well as recidivism.

We Need Hate Crime Legislation Essay -- racism, prejudice

Hate crime is one of the biggest issues many people face today. Whether or not they should be legislated against has been highly debated and continues to be a hot topic. This essay will explain the ideas and opinions of several authors including Charley Reese, Michael Lieberman, Helen Dodge, Gregory S. Parks, Shayne E. Jones and Samuel Francis. It will also elaborate on the topic of why hate crimes should be legislated against, with supporting information. The phrase â€Å"hate crime† is generally referred to as a criminal act against a person, a group, or property because of one’s race, religion, gender, or sexual orientation (Civil Rights- Hate Crimes- Overview). A person who experiences a hate crime may be threatened, harassed, physically harmed, or even killed. In order to ensure protection, laws have been established by society against those who commit hate crimes. There is a lot of debate among the general public about laws that should not punish people more harshly based on the motivation of their crime; instead, a criminal should only be punished for the crime committed. However, the motive behind a crime is often more significant than the crime itself. For example, if a black family moves into an area where the majority of the people are white and a group of white teenagers vandalize the property, they would be charged with vandalism. However, if after vandalizing the property they spray paint the word â⠂¬Å"nigger† on the garage door, they would most likely be found guilty of some sort of racial hate crime involving vandalism. While both of these actions are considered crimes, the motive behind the racial crime should be taken into consideration when the punishment is issued. One might say that the motive was ... ...on | Education Book Publishing | Academic Textbooks. Web. . â€Å"Hate Crime† Laws Change the Law (Francis 141 & 142) Keyes, Jere. "Hate Crime Legislation: An Essay | Blind Prophecy." Blind Prophecy | Jere Keys Online. 11 Feb. 2009. Web. 26 Apr. 2011. . "About Hate Crimes." Homepage. Web. 26 Apr. 2011. . "State Hate Crimes Laws." Human Rights Campaign. 1 June 2009. Web. 26 Apr. 2011. "List of Hate Crime Laws." Homepage. Web. 26 Apr. 2011. . "Declaration of Independence." National Archives and Records Administration. Web. 26 Apr. 2011. .

Intellectual Property and the Future of the Music Industry Essay

Corruption, Conscience, and Copyright: The Current State of Intellectual Property and the Future of the Music Industry â€Å"Today’s pirates operate not on the high seas but on the Internet, in illegal CD factories, distribution centers, and on the street. The pirate’s credo is still the same--why pay for it when it’s so easy to steal? The credo is as wrong as it ever was. Stealing is still illegal, unethical, and all too frequent in today’s digital age. That is why RIAA [Recording Industry Association of America] continues to fight music piracy.† – RIAA.com The human conscience is a powerful tool. And if you are like most Americans, you probably consider yourself to be a rather moral person, at least based upon your own morality, your own conscience. Chances are, however, that you have engaged in some form of illegal activity during your life: speeding down a familiar road, jaywalking across an empty street, driving with a broken blinker. Assuming you consider yourself to be of high moral stature, how does your conscience reconcile this? The answer: the unlawful does not always imply the unethical, and that which is illegal is not necessarily immoral. Since the digital revolution in the 1990’s, the downloading of copyrighted music has skyrocketed. The Recording Industry Association of America, RIAA, has denounced music piracy, claiming that it is both illegal and immoral. And they drive a hard bargain, arguing the following: 1. Downloading music is against the law. 2. Downloading music betrays the songwriters and recording artists who create it. 3. Downloading music stifles the careers of new artists and up-and-coming bands. 4. Downloading music threatens the livelihood of the thousands of working people who are em... ...ec_39_00000201----000-.html Blackburn, David. On-line Piracy and Recorded Music Sales. Dec. 2004. http://www.katallaxi.se/grejer/blackburn/blackburn_fs.pdf CD Baby. Who/What are we? http://cdbaby.com/about Holahan, Catherine. Downloading Music’s New Deal. Business Week Online. Oct. 31, 2006. p8-8, 1p. Leach, Eric and Henslee, Bill. Follow the Money: Who's Really Making the Dough? Nov. 1, 2001. http://emusician.com/mag/emusic_follow_money_whos/index.html Lessig, Lawrence. The Limits of Copyright. June 19, 2000. http://www.lessig.org/content/standard/0,1902,16071,00.html McCourt, Tom, and Burkart, Patrick. When Creators, Corporations and Consumers Collide: Napster and the Development of On-line Music Distribution. 2003. Sage Publications. Music United. Why You Shouldn't Do It. http://www.musicunited.org/4_shouldntdoit.html

Women as Victims in the Media Essay -- Feminism Feminist Women Critici

Women as Victims in the Media      Ã‚   One interesting aspect of murder is the way it is portrayed in different forms of media. In particular the way female murder victims have been portrayed over time reflects the social norms of the period. Focusing on the way murdered females were portrayed in various forms of media, beginning in the late eighteenth century in the United States and ending with the present day representations in film it is evident that a traditional style of portraying dead women has continued to pervade society through the twentieth century.    Stories, either fictional or based on actual events, began around 1800 portraying women victims as young, unmarried, beautiful and innocent. Their deaths were portrayed as resulting from a loss of innocent, generally through premarital sexual contact. The descriptions of the dead bodies were graphic and occasionally erotic in nature. (Cohen, 277-306) These descriptions came at a time when the literacy rate was rising rapidly and the relatively free attitude towards premarital sex was changing to a more restrictive ...

At the back of the stage

The most prestigious event in the town where I considered being one of my most unforgettable moments in life because it's like a dream came true. Before, I'm Just an audience who dreamed to be part of the show who ramp at the stage watched by my own fellow Jimenez. But it's my fortune to be given a chance to be one of them. At the start I hesitate because it's my first time to ramp at the stage crowded by a lot of people, but I hanged my mind because I told to myself why not try it?There is nothing to lose of trying right? As long as we enjoy and we love what we do. Someone will say, how came that the Search for b. Jimenez 2014 is one of my unforgettable moment if I didn't made it to the top 5? Well, getting the Crown is not all that matter but what matters most is the learning, the experienced, the friendship we build with all the staff and the memories that I will treasured for the rest of my life. Not all of us had even a chance to be part of that prestigious event.So, win or lost that moment will still marked an important part of the piece of my heart and soul. In every competition it is not Just the Crown, the medals, or any awards that matters but it Is for us how we accept things without any regrets, because we all know within ourselves that we did our best and accept the fact that In every competition from small to the biggest one there will always be a winner and there Is always be a loser, Loser In the eyes of everyone but a winner for themselves.

Masters degree application essays

Essay 1 (1,000 words)Describe your career progress to date and your future short-term and long-term goals. How do you expect an MBA to help you achieve these goals, and why is now the best time for you to join our program?Content:A master is ever, but a learner, goes an old Chinese saying. The same is true for any man, no one may call himself a master who believes he knows all there is about his subject. In today’s ever changing, globalized-world, a true master must continue learning if he is to remain competitive. I do not claim to be a master trader. However, I too believe in the value of higher learning.After graduating high school, and having worked for two summers in a large investment bank, I started my own investment management firm at the tender age of 19. With the help of a few angel investors who entrusted me with $50,000 each, I not only significantly grew their investments but the profits from my business were sufficient to fund my four years of university studies AND finance my travel to several countries mentoring high school children and visiting mentoring programs outside of the USA.In my travels I raised money for the university which I attended. During and after my tenure in the university I was served the role of their European ambassador. I have also done the same work for several non-profit organizations such as ABC, DEF, and GHI, all of which focus on the mentoring and training of leadership skills to high school students for them to become better community leaders.My leadership in a community oriented NGO is different from the type of leadership I exercise at work. In my business the objective is to maximize the value of our investor’s money. Success is measured by the growth in their investments and the increased trust this generates. By comparison Ulpan is about giving educational opportunities to predominantly Jewish high school students. ORT is very similar in its goals. My hard work is rewarded by seeing our beneficiari es motivated and eager to take the path of higher education as a means to success. The drastically different metrics of my community service broadens my horizon as a leader.My current job trading at an investment firm, I improved their existing procedures for monitoring our market positions during volatile periods and developed a â€Å"pop-up† system to handle trades more efficiently and make decisions faster. I made an immediate impact. We are now able to monitor approximately 10% of our daily volume and take property risk management decisions in a fast and volatile market where time is of the essence.Using my native insight I found an opportunity for growth in the company. However, I faced the inertia associate with any kind of meaningful change. Despite the cost of lost, personal, man hours. I pushed my plan past the bureaucracy offering potential benefits that far outweighed the costs of the project. Taking responsibility for my unpopular stance, my assumption of leadersh ip led to my taking the risk of losing my job if the project failed. With a lack of popular support a failure to improve profits or a net loss would severely afflict my reputation in the firm and in the industry. However I stood my ground and pursued what I knew was a good idea. As a result, I was now looked upon as a leader that brought positive change to my firm.Even in my early youth I understood that my current level of learning was not enough. By practicing what I had already learned and working in the field of my choice I was able to expand my practical knowledge. However, I also believe that practical experience must go hand-in-hand with expanded theoretical training. Hence, I desire to obtain an MBA.My ultimate goal is to head a financial firm which will manage wealth for non-profit organizations to help them grow at a faster pace and be able to focus more on their advocacies in their respective communities rather than struggling to raise funds and managing assets, tasks tha t are far from their competencies. An MBA will help me achieve this dream by expanding my horizons and making me even more capable of competing for marginal gains and derivatives that have become harder and harder to obtain.In the United States, this is more common with university endowments and major non-profit organizations which have asset managers steering the funds to competitive investment returns. However, in Europe and Asia, this almost doesn’t exist. As a result, most European and Asian NGOs are in quandary trying to husband their funds effectively but at the same need to disburse it for their projects.I want to bridge this gap and bring financial management expertise to global non-profits and help them become even stronger. By my efforts, I will allow the non-profits to bring better service to the community, faster, and more efficiently. An MBA will enhance my skills and improve my ability to maximize the wealth of these organizations and spare them from the having to worry about raising funds.I take personal pride as I have been involved in my own community, mentoring high school students, helping them make decisions about their future, whether it be academically, professionally or personally. My work with several non-profits, coupled with my financial expertise as a trader can bring tremendous change to both the financial and non-profit industries.I want to create this new niche, a new service and make the non-profit sector even more influential. This is my dream. This is my goal. And this brings my two passions, the financial market and community service, into one, gratifying job. With an MBA, the skills learned, the network I have access to, I can realize this dream. Now is the time to go for it. My hopes are high and my time is neigh. I am young, eager and hungry for wisdom, wisdom I will gladly put to good use.Essay 2 (500 words)Tell us a situation in which you were an outsider. What did you learn from the experience?Content:When I first joined my current firm an archaic system was used to monitor trades. Everyday there were orders passed through our desk. This resulted in too much effort diverted to time consuming monitoring work and we ran the peril of having to make risk management decisions on the spot. Often we would have to wait until the end of the day to review our book and take action on hedging ourselves.This manner of operations was untenable, in the volatile industry I was in, up to the minute decision making was vital to success or failure. To improve this, I immediately proposed a â€Å"pop-up† window function that takes snapshots of all the vital information we would need   to know about the orders passing through our desks. For example, trade size, currency traded and margin level are included in this data. This drastically improved the way the trading desk monitors transactions, especially in times of extreme market volume and volatility.Regretfully, I encountered considerable resistance f rom my peers and upper management. Our technical department said it would take months to develop the proposed system because they were overloaded with work and writing the script would take weeks. Stephane, our head of trading appreciated my initiative but failed to prioritize it. Fortunately, our managing director, Nick gave his approval for my leadership in this project.With his approval in hand, I put pen to paper, outlining the method which I wanted implemented and convinced our technical department to prioritize the project. I wrote them a memo stating very clearly that upper management fully supported my efforts and I emphasized that successful implementation would boost profits on a daily basis. This in turn would put the technical department in the limelight for having developed such a useful tool.My inspirational leadership conscripted the aid of our technical department and the pop-up was developed in one week and was an immediate success. We are now able to monitor approx imately 10% of our daily volume, which amounts to $150 million, and take proper risk management decisions in the fast, volatile market where time is of the essence. Based on my estimates, this results in a cost savings of about 4% a month which redound to increased profits.Using my native insight I found an opportunity for growth in the company. However, I faced the inertia associate with any kind of meaningful change. Despite the cost of lost, personal, man hours. I pushed my plan past the bureaucracy offering potential benefits that far outweighed the costs of the project. Taking responsibility for my unpopular stance, my assumption of leadership led to my taking the risk of losing my job if the project failed. With a lack of popular support a failure to improve profits or a net loss would severely afflict my reputation in the firm and in the industry. However I stood my ground and pursued what I knew was a good idea. As a result, I was now looked upon as a leader that brought pos itive change to my firm.Essay 3 (500 words)Where in your background would we find evidence of your leadership capacity and/or potential?Evidence of my leadership potential can be found in my work as project organizer for Ulpan in Warsaw, Poland and The ORT Foundation in Geneva, Switzerland. Ulpan provides educational opportunities for high school students, who are predominantly Jewish, who seek a better education in the United States. The ORT foundation provides mentoring to high school students to help them decide on career-paths and how to go about realizing their professional dreams.I organized cross-border contact through mail and email correspondence, allowing young people to build and maintain connections with peers in the US. My accomplishments with these two organizations are integrally associated with me and very close to my heart. As a child, I was helped by a mentor, David, and with his help, have succeeded in pursuing my dreams with much confidence.NGO work requires out- of-the-box thinking and creative decision making. For example, bringing a Jewish teenager from the Warsaw ghetto and providing him with a scholarship to study in a University requires a wide variety of skills. First, the child must be motivated to make the most out of his talents. I must be inspirational and optimistic to provide the necessary motivation. Second, If the mentee still has areas of improvement I may be tasked with nurturing and uncovering his talents.Third, obtaining a scholarship will require taking with benefactors who may later become potential investors in the child’s future. This requires negotiation skills equal to that of a boardroom raider. Finally, my decisions require reflective hindsight because in many ways I am responsible to the benefactors for the success of their beneficiary. In the end nothing is more rewarding than receiving letters from the student that he is doing well in school and on the way to a bright future.NGO work is a challenging as a ny task on the trading floor. It makes the most out of my skills and encourages me to continue learning. My unique background as a trader brings a skill set that is not common in the Ulpan or ORT foundation, making my contributions even more valuable to these organizations. My background and insight have resulted in the foundation taking opportunities it might have otherwise not identified. Finally, because I am constantly learning my leadership in these foundations have given me valuable experiences in dealing with others that I can carry with me back to my day job,My leadership in a community oriented NGO is different from the type of leadership I exercise at work. In my business the objective is to maximize the value of our investor’s money. Success is measured by the growth in their investments and the increased trust this generates. By comparison Ulpan is about giving educational opportunities to predominantly Jewish high school students. ORT is very similar in its goals . My hard work is rewarded by seeing our beneficiaries motivated and eager to take the path of higher education as a means to success. The drastically different metrics of my community service broadens my horizon as a leader.

Mass Marketing and Mass Customization Essay

1. Stragetic Marketing In its strategic role, marketing focuses on business’s intentions in a market and the means and timing of realizing those intentions. The strategic role of marketing is quite different from marketing management, which deals with developing, implementing, and directing programs to achieve designated intentions 1.1 Concept of strategic marketing As shown above, the marketing function plays at different levels in the organization. At the corporate level, marketing inputs (competitive analysis, market dynamics, and environmental shifts) are essential for formulating a corporate strategic plan. Marketing represents the boundary between the marketplace and the company, and knowledge of current and emerging happenings in the marketplace are extremely important in any strategic planning exercises. At the other end of the scale, marketing management deals with the formulation and implementation of marketing programs to support the perspectives of strategic marketing, referring to marketing strategy of a product/market. This time, marketing strategy is developed at the business unit level. Marketing’s Role in the Organization Organizational level Role of Marketing Formal Name Corporate Provide customer and competitive perspective for corporate strategic planning Corporate marketing Business unit Assist in the development of strategic perspective of the business unit to direct its future course Strategic marketing Product/market Formulate and implement marketing programs Marketing management Together, the strategic three Cs form the marketing strategy triangle. All  three Cs-customer, corporation, and competition- are dynamic, living creatures with their own objectives to pursue. If what the customer wants doesn’t match the needs of the corporation, the latter’s long-term viability may be at stake. Positive matching of the needs and objectives of customer and corporation is required for a lasting good relationship. But such matching is relative, and if the competition is able to offer a better match, the corporation will be at a disadvantage over time. In other words, the matching of needs between customer and corporation must not only be positive, it must be better or stronger than the match between the customer and the competitor. When the corporation’s approach to their customer is identical to that of the competition, the customer cannot differentiate between them. The result could be a price war that may satisfy the customer’s but not t he corporation’s needs. In summary, marketing strategy, in terms of these three key constituents, must be defined as an endeavor by a corporation to differentiate itself positively from its competitors, using its relative corporate strengths to better satisfy customer needs in a given environmental setting. 1.2 Example for marketing strategy 1.2.1 Around the World There are a lot of corporations succeed in marketing strategy. The most highlight one is Samsung. Just a few years ago Samsung was struggling to catch up in the smartphone market. Now it makes more of them than anybody else and has Apple on the back foot, in addition to being the world’s largest technology company by revenue. Samsung’s aggression has gotten it into trouble in the past, losing a high profile case to Apple for imitating its design. But the reputation hit and the fine were a small price to pay. The company pivots and produces quickly, coming out with a variety of devices. It sees what the market responds to, pushes successes, and kills failures. And now, rather than just providing a cheaper and lesser iPhone, it’s differentiated itself with larger screens, different features, successful marketing, and delivering what consumers want. The Note is a perfect example. The company found through market research that Asian-language speakers in particular wa nted a device that they could hand-write on, because drawing characters is easier with a pen. The result was a combination phone/tablet (â€Å"phablet†) that’s been an unexpected hit. 1.2.2 Vietnam In Vietnam, the marketing strategy has just started in 2006 (as Vietnam joined WTO). Therefore, marketing strategy could count on the fingers of one hand. But there still are some corporations do that. As we know they are ICP, THP, and Vinamilk†¦ To Vinamilk, at the beginning, Vinamilk just paid their intension in distribution. But later, the most important thing that they concerned about is to build the trust and quality (especially after the melamine incident) As the quality is acquired, Vinamilk makes a further step forward in building the trust in their customers. In order to do that, they aim to produce milk from domestic initiative through developing and supporting farmers in their dairy herds. After the melamine incident, it makes a positive impact on Vinamilk. So that Vinamilk can make a further step to increase customers’ awareness in products’ quality. In 2011, Vinamilk went in making trust by cooperating with well-known milk and nutrition research center s. In that way, Vinamilk can be more proactive in meeting the milk and nutrition which suited the Vietnamese. 2. Mass marketing 2.1 Definition Mass marketing is a market strategy in which a firm decides to ignore market segment differences and appeal the whole market with one offer or one strategy. Companies use mass marketing to promote a single product or service to as many people as possible without differentiating how various segments of the market might respond. For example, a fast-food chain might offer the same hamburger promotion at all of its franchises to create a demand for its new product. The idea is to broadcast a message that will reach the largest number of people possible. By reaching the largest audience possible, exposure to the product is maximized. In theory, this would directly correlate with a larger number of sales or buy in to the product. It is the technique of trying to spread our marketing message to anyone and everyone who are willing to listen. It enables us to reach a wide range of services to take any job that comes on our way. Some examples of mass marketing strategies would be direct mail, yellow page ads, billboards, radio ads, free dinner seminars, etc A mass market is a general population which can be targeted at wide for the sales and marketing of a product. A  mass market is broad in nature and is not categorized by demographics. For example – Automobiles – cars and two wheelers, usually target the mass markets with heterogeneous ages, locations and preferences. . However these mass markets can be further diversified into smaller segments. Products which target a mass market generally vary their promotion strategies according to the market. Example – An automobile company or a telecom company targets a mass market. However each individual might have a different preference for automobiles or telecom service providers. Does within the mass market, there exist individual segments. A smart marketer will try to promote his product to the biggest chunk of the mass market. For example – In soft drinks, Pepsi is targeting the youth, but on the other hand coke is targeting whole families through defining values. Thus coke has a bigger market and it is a more widely recognized brand when compared to Pepsi. 2.2 Purpose The purposes of undifferentiated marketing are several. Mass marketing focuses on high sales and low prices. It aims to provide products and services that will appeal to the whole market.It announces the presence of your small business and products to the general public and attracts as many eyes to the brand as possible. By doing so, it allows you to gauge which segments of the market are most interested in your brand and adjust your marketing to target them more specifically. Mass marketing also saves the expense of market research and targeted campaigns by allowing you to reach the market as a whole and fine tune your efforts later on once revenue is comfortably consistent.Henry Ford realized this when he created the Model T. Before him, the automobile was a niche product for the wealthy. Ford developed a vehicle that was accessible to all and made millions. The reason mass marketing strategies work at all is because at any given time, there is approximately 3 percent of the market that is actively looking for what it is you have to offer. For example, 3 percent of people are actively in the market, as we speak, for a new car, a new home or maybe even a new advisor. Mass marketing strategies rely on this 3 percent to give you a return on your investment. To be successful utilizing these strategies, you have to invest a significant amount of time and money upfront to see any response. Many advisors spend a lot of years and money competing with other advisors in their market over this small â€Å"need help now† market. 2.3 Background Mass marketing has its origins in the 1920s with the inception of mass radio use. This gave corporations an opportunity to appeal to a wide variety of potential customers. Due to this, variety marketing had to be changed in order to persuade a wide audience with different needs into buying the same thing. It has developed over the years into a worldwide multi-billion dollar industry. Although sagging in the Great Depression it regained popularity and continued to expand through the 40s and 50s. It slowed during the anti-capitalist movements of the 60’s and 70’s before coming back stronger than before in the 80’s, 90’s and today. These trends are due to corresponding upswings in mass media, the parent of mass marketing. For most of the twentieth century, major consumer-products companies held fast to mass marketing- mass-producing, mass distributing and mass promoting about the same product in about the same way to all consumers. Mass marketing creates the largest potential market, which leads to lowered costs. It is also called overall marketing. 2.4 Products For certain types of widely consumed items such asnecessities, furniture, artwork, automobiles, residential communities, soft drinks and personal computers,†¦mass marketing approach makes the most sense. Typically, things which are perceived to be necessary to the consumer are subject to mass marketing. Resources of mass marketing provide cost-effective marketing solutions for small and micro businesses, including start-ups. For example, toothpaste isn’t marketed to one particular market segment.It is sold in huge quantities. A company or individual who manufactures toothpaste wishes to get more people to buy their particular brand over another. The goal is that when a consumer has the option to select a tube of toothpaste, he would remember the product that was marketed. Often, this type of general appeal is supported by positive, emotional settings, and a great many reinforcers at the point of purchase. Walk through any supermarket, and you will observe hundreds of food products that are perceived as nearly identical by the consumer and are treated as such by the producer, especially generic items. Many mass marketed items are considered staple items. These are items people  are accustomed to buying new when their old ones are used up. Even â€Å"products† like politicians and services from professions such as law, chiropractic and medicine, are subject to mass marketing. A company that sells affordably priced products that appeal to a wide variety of consumers. Mass market retailers are not necessarily known for selling durable, high-quality merchandise or for having exceptional customer service, but they do meet consumers’ wants and needs, at reasonable prices. Examples of mass market retailers include big box stores such as Target, Sam’s Club and Best Buy, as well as brands like Levi Strauss and Gap, and e-retailers like Amazon. Supermarket, drugstore, mass merchandise and warehouse chains, are all considered mass market retailers. 2.5 Shotgun Approach The shotgun theory is an approach of mass marketing. It involves reaching as many people as you can through television, cable and radio. On the Web, it refers to a lot of advertising done through banners to text ads in as many websites as you can, in order to get enough eyeballs that will hopefully turn into sales. An example of shotgun marketing would be to simply place an ad on primetime television, without focusing on any specific group of audience. A shotgun approach increases the odds of hitting a target when it is more difficult to focus. 2.6 Strategy â€Å"All things to all people† It is the technique of trying to spread our marketing message to anyone and everyone who are willing to listen. A truckload of general advertising is done to the mass market in the hope that some of them will hit a target. It enables us to reach a wide range of services to take any job that comes on our way; and ultimately we become a â€Å"jack of all trades and a master of none†. Mass marketing quite simply targets the masses without any concern over addressing different needs and desires of different segments of the population. Mass marketing can be effective for products that are helpful to the majority of people. Advertisers often combine more than one type of ad around a single theme or slogan to help the product become more familiar with consumers. Companies aim mass marketing at the total market for a particular product. With an un-segmented strategy a firm develops a single marketing mix – one combination of product, price, promotion and  distribution. Compan ies that adopt mass marketing take an undifferentiated approach that assume that all customers in the market have similar need and wants that can be reasonably satisfied with a single marketing program. Coca-Cola, for example was available in only one flavor and in one type of bottle. Another example of mass marketing was Henry Ford’s offer to consumers of only one car Model-T in just one color. 2.7 Advantages and disavantages 2.7.1 Advantages Product Life Cycle A mass marketing approach may offer an advantage in cases where a product has reached the end of its life cycle. A product’s life cycle charts its course within a consumer market, from its first appearance on the market to increasing sales followed by its eventual decline in popularity or demand. A decline in sales typically marks the end of a product’s life cycle, regardless of what type of marketing approach you used. At the beginning of the life cycle, businesses may use mass marketing approach to obtain the most sales possible from targeted consumer markets. Once sales start to slow, these marketing approaches show little potential for increasing sales. By using mass marketing approach at the end of a product’s life cycle, businesses may increase the likelihood of sales by making a product available to other market sectors. Economies of scale When applying the mass marketing approach, the companies are able to produce in large scale. This requires that companies have to invest in the modern equipment, improve leadership. Moreover, the production processes need to be standardized in order to gain the economies of scale. For example: Advertising messages by mass media can reach millions of viewers in a single showing, and economies of scale make mass distribution cheaper than regional deliveries Spreading of risk When investment in capital is scattered, the companies can minimize changes of demand. For example, if one segment is crashed, this is likely to be compensated by other segments. Brand awareness and value When applying mass marketing approach, your brand will appear in many segment markets. This will help your company build a strong brand. For example: Hoang Anh Gia Lai has been a wood manufacturing company since 1990. In 2009, this company invested in estate and succeeded quickly thanks to this famous brand 2.7.2 Disadvantage Marketing cost When applying mass marketing approach, companies have to implement the promotion strategies such as: advertising, public relation (PR). For example: when introducing toothpaste product P/S, Unilever implements advertising campaign on national television channels, even on local television channels. According to experts, brands that are as large as P/S, are advertised 30-40 times in a single day on VTV3 channel. The price of a single advertising range is between 7 million vnd to 40 million vnd in accordance with advertising time. It is just a single channel; in fact, P/S has also been advertised on VTV1, VTV2, and many local channels such as DRT†¦ And in addition, Unilever also has to pay for banner cost, labor cost†¦ And P/S is also a single Unilever’s product. Therefore, Unilever spends millions of dollar a day on advertising. Research and development cost and fierce completion Today, technology has become the most important factor in business. This factor is vital factor especially for market leaders. In many cases, the new products of competitor are able to dominate market, even are able to make your products disappear. For example: Kodak is a photography company. While Kodak is competing with Fuji, a photography company from Japan, the invention of digital camera almost makes those companies to be in bankruptcy. Another example, Unilever and many detergent manufacturers are anxious about the invention of ultrasonic washing machine. This may lead to the disappearance of Omo (products of Unilever) Market research cost Today, when the supply of many commodities overcomes the demand, the society changes from manufacturer society to consumptive society. The marketing concept also changes. The manufacturers, now, have to find out the needs of customer, and try to satisfy them. The manufacturers no longer pay attention  about how to find out markets to sell their products, therefore, they try to produce as much as possible. And in order to satisfy diverse needs, companies have to spend much time and money on market research activities such as population census, level of economic growth, demography, culture, polity, national policy†¦ 3 Mass customization 3.1 Definition Mass customization was first popularized in 1993 by B. Joseph Pine II in his book â€Å"Mass Customization – The new Frontier in Business competition† and defined as â€Å"developing, producing, marketing and delivering affordable goods and services with enough variety and customization that nearly everyone finds exactly what they want† Indeed, mass customization did not become a tangible innovative business trend until the second half of the 2000’s thanks to rapid manufacturing and information technologies and more structured customer-manufacturer interaction methods A completed definition appeared. Mass customization, in marketing, manufacturing and management, is the use of flexible computer-aided manufacturing systems to produce custom output. Those systems combine the low unit costs of mass production processes with the flexibility of individual customization. Mass customization has become particularly important within the fashion industry, where ther e is an increasing demand for personalized clothes, handbags, shoes etc. 3.2 Characters of mass customization †¢ It is an evolution of mass production, which seeks to answer customers’ needs, requirements and wishes for having individualized and personalized goods and services. This also implies the production of high quantity at low costs. †¢ It leverages on new information technologies and innovative manufacturing processes to ensure high volumes at low cost; It produces goods and services to meet individual customer’s needs with near mass production efficiency† 3.3 Key success factors of mass customization Customer sensitivity. Refers to customer demands for individualized and customized products, which depends on two main factors: 1) Degree of customer’s sacrifices (how much he is willing to pay and how long he is willing to wait); 2) Firm’s ability to produce according to customer’s  specifications within a reasonable time and cost limits. Process amenability. Manufacturing technology and information technologies must be available for mass customization systems and products must be designed to be customizable. Competitive environment. Market conditions will support competitive environment. Being the first to implement mass customization in a particular industry may lead to gaining competitive advantage but when mass customization becomes more common, there are fewer opportunities to achieve that. Organizational readiness. Organizational readiness refers to the firm’s attitudes, culture and resources. The firm’s management should be open to new ide as and aggressive in competitive advantage and the promotion of a culture through the development of networks, new products and process technologies. 3.4 Example In 1996, Dell drew people’s attention to completely-new computer marketing strategy called â€Å"Build-to-order†: Marketers must first consult with customers to determine their requirements, then realize exactly what customers need and finally, use the information in product design processes. Dell Computer was also eager to use this method very successfully in building a database for their website. They allowed individual customers to assemble and purchase computers and accessories directly via the website www.dell.com. In 2000, Dell’s revenue reached $ 50 million per day. In 2001, Dell surpassed IBM to become the multinational computer technology company having the largest market share in the world. The success of Dell shows trends and demands to shift from mass production to mass customization. A typical example can be found easily through fast food outlets providing â€Å"burger† and chips at a low price. However, until 1995, this model became backward to market growth. Therefore, McDonald’s quickly shifted from mass production to customer requirements. McDonald’s added meatballs, pizza, sandwich, apple pies and ice cream to their menus. Moreover, the menu is suitable for each country and is written in many languages. For example about Big Macs (hamburgers sold by McDonald’s) in India where the majority of people are Islamic, pork is replaced with lamb on the menu, and drinks also diversify with beer and wine beside Coca Cola , Pepsi and 7 Up . The size of the glass also varies by regions: large glasses of water in the U.S. and smaller glasses in Asian countries. The present success of McDonald all  over the world shows a good change in their strategy. 3.5 Advantages and disadvantages 3.5.1 Advantages Benefits to the economy Applying the method â€Å"build to order†, no goods are actually made until the buyers send an order. Unwanted and out-of-date products, which are wasted to our limited resources, are eliminated. Because mass customization uses â€Å"build-to-order†, which requires a very short lead time from the receipt of the customer’s order to the delivery of the product, speedy response and perfect coordination of all types of input is necessary. Therefore, it would be suitable for the company’s functional departments such as procurement, manufacture, assembly and logistics to be addressed which market nears the customer. Specalization will save our resources because it reduces cost and time despite of mass production. Blue-collar workers (people who do physical work in industry) in developed countries will benefit as they have more jobs in their local without going to any far countries. Manufacturers, who always want to sell to large populations of developing countri es, believe that their local subsidiaries are able to independently meet the needs of that market without direct producing from parent company. Therefore, developing economies will also benefit as more knowledge-based jobs moved to their countries. Benefits to manufacturers By applying mass customization and â€Å"build to order† strategies, products are only manufactured when a customer order is received. As nothing is produced until an order is received, there are huge saved successes to be harvested by eliminating of unsold goods, goods in process and raw materials. In the case of Dell, payment is collected upfront when the customised order is received. Therefore, the company’s cash flow position improves and financial risk is reduced. Tseng and Jiao (1996) pointed out that in high volume production; mass production shows an advantage due to the economy of scale. However, with low to medium volume production, where production quantity cannot give remarkable result to buyer’s profits, customers are willing to pay more because their special and divers needs are satisfied. Consequently, small and medium enterprises, that have difficulty achieving economy of  scale, have the most to gain from mass customisation. In taking a custome r order, closed information about the customer’s preferences is collected thus generating a profile of the customer. By keeping profiles of all customers in a database, the company is able to design a â€Å"customised marketing† strategy for each individual customer. More importantly, knowledge of the customer’s profile allows the company to better manage the relationship it has with the customer. This stage also helps the company reduce the cost for market research. Benefits to customers The most obvious benefit to the customers is that goods that can meet the exact needs and wants of an individual are available at prices comparable to those of standard mass produced goods. Fiore et al. (2001) state that in the fashion apparel industry, the process of configuring and designing clothes by themselves proves to be a stimulating experience. The sheer novelty, intriguing application of advanced technology such as body scanning and pleasure from involvement in the creative process may prove as desirable as the apparel itself. As build to order becomes the norm in industry, customers can expect shorter lead-time to delivery. Long wait for goods due to out of stock situation would no longer occur. 3.5.2 Disadvantages Drawbacks for the customers A major concern of customers is whether there would be higher prices for customised product. In short to medium term, pricing would likely be higher than mass produced goods. In the longer term, when mass customisers compete among themselves, prices are expected to fall. A key disadvantage of customised goods is the difficulty in comparing between suppliers. Different suppliers rarely offer the same options for their goods. Therefore, some benefits of sharing information between customers are lost. Consequently, the lack of comparison and competition may result in higher prices for customised products than mass-produce ones. Suppliers are likely to apply value-based pricing rather than cost-based pricing. In value-based pricing, price is set based on the feeling value that customers think about goods. In cost-based pricing, the price is set based on the actual cost of production. However, this disadvantage to the customer is an advantage to the manufacturer who gains a higher profit on customised product. Because the  customer is given multiple choices product, identifying the real cost of the customized product may prove difficult. When the number of product options increases, so does the complexity of cost estimation. To separate the risk of costing, manufacturers may place higher profit on all features of the products. Lack of product knowledge by some customers may result in wrong details and unwanted products. There is also increase in the performance of the customised product due to lack of comparison. Helping customer to learn how to configure the products is an additional unpredicted cost. Entering into the privacy of customers can be a major concern. Personal information is extracted during product detail stage and set database. The information is then sold to other suppliers without previous agreement of the customers; this company may have to be faced with punishment. Drawbacks for manufactures & the economy Although there are many substantial researches into the subject, there are very few actual successful organisations that a working framework can be modelled coherently. A key problem of mass customisation is deciding on the options for customers. Gilmore and Pine (1997a) warned that customisation options should be restricted to limit options for customers to choose, in order to avoid wasteful efforts. Another difficulty is too definite the amount that the customer is willing to pay for functional goods. Mass customisation faces the hard task of changing their organisational structure and culture. When the progress go wrongly, factory productivity and capacity planning can be seriously affected. The complexity of supporting multiple types of product can result in increased cost due to: lower worker, higher machinery cost and higher inventories of goods in process and finished goods. Other concerns are constant re-training demand, production delays and product quality issues. Substanti al investment in information technology is required to create the close relation between all organisation’s value chain and external suppliers and intermediaries. As information technology becomes obsolete (out-of-date) fairly quick, keeping the information infrastructure can increase cost. Approriate market players, whose strategy is to focus on small part of the market, will be the biggest losers. Mass customisation organisations are able to enter all parts of the market, at mass production pricing. Market manufacturers that do not change will not survive. Michael  Cox, chief economist at the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, in concurrence with Toffler lamented that â€Å"If you don’t customize, you’re going to lose business in today’s marketplace.† (Wall Street Journal, April 29, 1999, pp. A1). Finally, we may have a remarkable situation, where the market is dominated by a few super efficient mass customisation organisations. Entering into the privacy of customers can be a major concern. Personal information is extracted during product detail stage and set database. The information is then sold to other suppliers without previous agreement of the customers; this company may have to be faced with punishment. 4 Mass Marketing and Mass Customization 1. Goal -to appeal to an entire market, create the largest potential market and reach the highest turnover. -Delivering goods and services at prices low enough that nearly everyone can afford them. -to meet consumers’ diverse and changing needs at near mass production prices. -Delivering affordable goods and services with enough variety and customization that nearly everyone finds exactly what they want. 2. Strategy -using one basic marketing strategy to approach the entire market. -using different methods designed to target each specific population segment. Because Mass Marketing is a market coverage technique that does not distinguish or recognize any substantial differences between customer segments, it only use one basic marketing (single marketing mix) strategy by utilizing mass distribution and mass promotion to appeal the entire market place. On the contrary, mass customization uses many different methods to satisfy each specific customer segment. There are 4 types of mass customization (which are Collaborative Customization, Adaptive Customization, Transparent Customization and Cosmetic Customization) and in each type; the company has different ways to communicate with customers. For Collaborative Customization, the company works in partnership with individual customers to develop precise product offerings to best suit each  customer’s needs. For Adaptive Customization, the company produces standardized products that are customizable by the end-user. Transparent Customization is where the company provides unique products to individual customers without overtly stating the products are customized. And Cosmetic Customization produces standardized products but market the products in different ways to various customers. 3. Tools -utilizing mass distribution and mass media. -using technologies such as computerization, internet, product modularization, and lean production. Mass marketing tries to spread the marketing message to anyone and everyone who are willing to listen and let its products/services known by the greatest number of people so that it can reach potential customers. Therefore, mass media and mass distribution are good tools for the strategy. Businesses can reach the mass market with advertising messages through a variety of media. Radio is the oldest mass market medium. Television quickly took a dominant role as the mass medium of choice of a large number of businesses. Television remained the most effective means of reaching mass market audiences until innovations in technology and the Internet began to change the game around the turn of the 21st century. Newspapers are also a traditional mass market medium, although not as effective as radio or television due to the regional or biased nature of individual publications. Mass customization concentrates on using technologies (such as computerization, internet, product modularization, and lean production) in order to make products that really meet customer’s needs and be able to quickly produce an item only when an order is received. 4. Products -standardized products built to inventory. -long product life cycles -standardized modules assembled based on customers’ needs. -short product life cycles Mass marketing aims to attract all kinds of buyers by producing and distributing the one best product at the lowest possible price; no product  is made specially for one person or a group of people. Therefore, the products must be standardized to make sure that the vendor can sell their goods to a large number of customers. Typically, things which are perceived to be necessary/essential to the consumer are subject to mass marketing. It focuses on products that have little change in customer’s demand, so the life cycles of products are long. In mass customization, products are made to satisfied different customer segment, it also have standardization but for modules to be assembled and made complete products based on customer’s need. Because the mass customization produces goods in response to volatile market demand, the life cycles of products is short. 5. Economics -Economies of scale. -Economies of scope and customer integration. An economy of scale means the decrease in unit cost of a product or service resulting from large-scale operations and it plays an important role in mass marketing. When applying the mass marketing approach, the companies are able to produce in large scale. Advertising messages broadcast over mass media can reach millions of audiences in a single showing, and economies of scale make mass distribution cheaper than regional deliveries. Economies of scope are conceptually similar to economies of scale. Whereas economies of scale for a firm primarily refers to reductions in the average cost (cost per unit) associated with increasing the scale of production for a single product type, economies of scope refers to lowering the average cost for a firm in producing two or more products. In mass customization, the product customization concepts and design schemes are determined and agreed between customers and manufacturers. Moreover, by sharing demand and supply information, supply chain partn ers can better utilize production resources in response to volatile market demand. The integration of customer in manufacturing really helps to make products with reasonable and affordable prices. 6. Customer involvement -customers are passively involved in the value chain. -customers are actively integrated into the value chain. In Mass Marketing, products are made before there are orders from customers and they just receive products’ information through mass media like newspaper, TV or internet; then make decisions to buy goods or not. In other words, mass marketing is where the vendor offers a product on a ‘take it or leave it’ basis, so customers are passively involved in the value chain. In Mass Customization, there are many applications including software-based product configurations that allow end-users to add and/or change certain functionalities of a core product. This involvement of the customer in the design and production stage means that the customer becomes a â€Å"prosumer† as described by futurologist Alvin Toffler in the 1970 book, ‘Future Shock’. The â€Å"prosumer† is producer and consumer in concert, defining and producing the product. This type of customization is called Collaborative customization and the customers are really involved in the value chain of products. 7. Type of business -big enterprises. -small and medium enterprises. To carry out a mass marketing strategy, a company must have a strong finance to pay for heavy advertising costs, establishing brands and. The company has to pay a large amount of money on mass media for keep its image in public eyes. Whereas, in mass customization, thanks to the build-to-order method (products are only manufactured when a customer order is received), the company can reduce the cost of a customized products and avoid unsold products. Moreover, the company creates specific marketing strategies to reach different customer segments, so it can really understand the customer’s needs and keep good relationship with them. This also helps the company reduce the cost for market research. This is an advantage for small and medium enterprises to start their business with limited resources. 5 Which one is dead? Mass marketing strategy is trying to reach market in greater areas by using single marketing strategy. The advantages of this strategy is in terms of low cost in production costs and tends to masters market monopolistic ally – as well as – can close all markets from competitors. In the past, mass  marketing was a relatively common and successful approach. The classic example given is the Ford Motor Company with their standard offering of the Model T Ford, which is the only product they sold for many years and it was only provided in one color (black). Nowadays, mass marketing is facing to the death because of several challenges below: Various segmented market and different demand of customer Today’s marketplaces are individualized, customized, and personalized. A single product offering, therefore, cannot fully satisfy the diverse needs of all consumers in a market and consumers with unsatisfied needs expose businesses to challenges by competitors who are able to identify and fulfill consumer needs more precisely. In fact, markets for new products typically begin with one competitor offering a single product, and then gradually splinter into segments as competitors enter the market with products and marketing messages targeted at groups of consumers the original producer may have missed. These new competitors are able to enter a market ostensibly controlled by an established competitor because they can identify and meet the needs of unsatisfied customer segments. In recent times, the proliferation of computerized customer databases has worked to drive marketing toward ever-more-narrowly focused market segments The ineffiecience of communication to customer Mass marketing is an attempt to appeal to an entire market with one basic marketing strategy utilizing mass distribution and mass media. Also called undifferentiated marketing, it maximizes products advertising to consumers. Unlike niche marketing, that targets markets and audiences via research and analytical techniques; mass marketing advertises products to a large audience. Until recently, marketers have pretty much taken a â€Å"mass media† approach to their efforts: Blast out as many marketing messages as possible on every medium available as often as you can afford it. In an era when it’s not really possible to learn anything about the audience and their tastes, this crude shotgun method of attack is pretty much the only option. Mass marketing tactics are really just slightly more sophisticated versions of standing on the street corner yelling at people who walk by, hoping that some small percentage of them might be interested in what you have to say. The development of the Internet and social media Traditionally mass marketing has focused on radio, television and newspapers as the media used to reach this broad audience. By reaching the largest audience, exposure to the product is maximized. In the new millennium, the Internet – a mass communications medium- is more and more developing. Besides, it also changes the way people approach new products. The Internet has allowed people to reach out to each other and becomes a powerful force of one. Through ‘world wide web’ and social media, customers are able to connect with others who have similar interest, share experiences about products, complain about poor performing products or even become brand advocates.. Thereore, customers – not mass maketing tools – have influence on their decision buying products themselves. The Mass marketing could be coming to an end replaced by a new era of personal marketing. The businesses should make the right marketing strategy to approach their targets. VII. Conclusion Mass marketing is old school marketing. No longer can businesses afford to blindly send large volume of the same messages to unqualified recipients. Nor can they afford to treat each customer to same way. Yet many businesses still practice these useless exercises. Plenty of businesses practice bad marketing on a regular basis. It’s wasteful and it produces negative effects. With an unfocused target, the wrong people will get the wrong message. As a result, marketing dollars will be wasted. Prospective elients may look unfavorably on your business because you appear to be careless, desperate, or just plain clueless, and no one wants to work with a business like that. Customers can’t be treated anonymously. One of the keys to successful marketing and sales understands your customer’s needs and pains, and how to better serve them. Personalized marketing will help businesses address these customer needs. Today, when more and more industries move towards creating mark ets of one, the satisfaction of increasingly individualized consumer demand is a challenge faced by many manufacturing organizations. Consequentially, this situation has led to a rapid growth in the attention given to mass customization for the fulfillment of individual consumer requirements. Customer co-design and integration are the keys to  mass customization. This is the core element that differentiates mass customization from other strategies like lean management or agile manufacturing. With today’s information technology, mass customization customers can be included into the value creation chain by defining, configuring or modifying an individual order. Though an interactive website customers can configure specifications of the product or service, packaging and even delivery options. The use of build-to-order methods, where an item is not constructed until an order is received, is an important factor in minimising the cost of a customized product. Mass customization is a reality because it is an attractive strategy for both manufacturers and customers. Producers are able to reduce their inventories a nd manufacturing overhead costs, eliminate waste in their supply chains, and obtain more accurate information about demand. Including the customer in the product design also establishes an individual contact between the manufacturer and customer, which offers possibilities for building up a lasting relationship. Mass customization technologies make it possible for companies to create a cost efficient value chain, while increasing flexibility towards answering customers’ needs from heterogeneous market demands. In this way, companies pay more attention in delivering products and services, and, instead of focusing just on acquiring new customers, they concentrate on building lasting relationships with the existing customers. Involving customers into the company’s value creation process increases their sense of contribution in the end product and brings real first hand customer knowledge. Small and medium enterprises comprise most of the world’s manufacturing secto r. In addition to feeling intense pressure from low-cost international competitors, these organizations have to deal with rising raw material cost, customers demanding high quality service, support, and product variety. Mass customization has snuck up on many of us. It has happened gradually and has moved from industry to industry without carrying the â€Å"mass customizing† label. We have gotten used to having our products and services customized without having the label â€Å"mass customizing† used to define customizing what is happening. We take mass customization for granted. We turn on our computer, click on â€Å"Word,† choose our favorite font, our color of the day, and the stationery that we think will impress our reader, and within seconds we are creating a document that we have quickly and effortlessly customized  to meet our personal desires. We believe that mass customization has great potential to be a source of sustainable financial and strategic adv antage. Today’s market characteristics and competitive challenges favor mass customization in many industries and market situations. We invite managers to learn more about this strategy and investigate how a customized mass customization approach can suit their businesses better.