The Representation Of Black Identity in Films

The Representation Of Black Identity in FilmsThe debates over race and theatrical performance of African American in films have been highly guinea pigious for over a century. Blacks have gen dayslly been perceived and stigmatized, by means ofout invoice, as trouble makers, incapables, intellectually limited, inferior, lazy and irrational, amongst the many other demeaning labels attached to them. These labels are connected non only to the history of colonization but also, importantly, to the exploitation, perpetuation, and careful maintenance of stereotypes through cinematic clichs which have imposed themselves easily and significantly on the popular imagination. As rightly stated by Wijdan Ali, the projection of harmful and banish stereotypes onto marginal or ineffectual groups within a society has always been an easy and useful method for making scapegoats.1Effectively, films form the ideal platform/ blank shell to circularize and preserve the labels which the mainstream audi ence desires to attach to the inkiness community.Five decades of the Civil Rights Movement have gone by, and the degree of mixture in the cutting community, though undeniably real and noticeable, remains perplexingly complex and inadequate. Although the fact that we now live in a time in history where Americans have voted for a black President, where blacks now occupy positions of power and are ostensibly less subject to institutional discrimination than in the past, the black community nevertheless remains inadequately poor, unemployed, undereducated and negatively labeled.Therefore, adopting a writing-back style in Bamboozled (2000), Spike Lee satirically attacks the way in which African Americans have historically been misused and distorted on screen. Through Bamboozled (2000), the director attempts both to entertain and to educate his audience about the history of African American representation within popular culture, with the raillery bamboozled itself indicating the state of having been cheated or conned. Bamboozled (2000) presents American mass entertainments history of discrimination through abasing minstrel stereotypes, which first started to be performed in musical theatres and which were later brought to cinema with films much(prenominal) as The Wooing and Wedding of a Coon (1905), The Sambo Series (1909- 1911) and D.W Griffiths controversial The Birth of a Nation( 1915). Consequently, the purpose of this study is to analyze both the African American evolution in the American film industry and the social construction of black identity through symbolic representation in cinema. These will in turn help to understand why the integration of African Americans is considered as a problematic issue even in a sophisticated era where racism seems to be a thing of the past, and where people are supposedly no longer judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.2This paper will also analyze the effect of stereotypes on black iden tity using Spike Lees film, and will explore the impact of such a film in the deconstruction of stereotypes and the renegotiation of a stigmatized identity. But before getting to what Bamboozled (2000) actually brings to the table of African American films, it is important to look at the history and evolution of black representation in Hollywood cinema, which the following paragraphs are going to deal with.African American in American Films A draft RetrospectiveAfrican Americans first started to be represented in minstrel shows in the late 1820s and later on television in the early twentieth century.3Through blackface minstrelsy, a performance style where white males parodied the culture, clothing, songs, dances and speech patterns of Southern blacks4using blackface makeup and exaggerated lips, Americas conceptions of blackness and albumen were shaped by these gibelike caricatures. While whiteness was posited as the norm, every black face was a statement of social imperfection, i nferiority, and mimicry that was placed in isolation with an absent whiteness as its ideal opposite.5Consequently, for over a hundred years, the belief that blacks were racially and socially inferior to whites was ingrained and accepted by legions of both white and black minstrel performers and audiences. The caricatures took such a firm hold on the American imagination that audiences naturally came to expect any person with dark skin, irrespective of his/ her background, to aline to one or more of the following stereotypes Jim Crow, a dull-witted and subservient plantation slave Zip Coon, a gaudily dressed, lazy man from the city representing the tall newly- freed slave Mammy, the contended, happy, loyal and ever-smiling female slave (as evidence of the supposed humanity of the institution of slavery,) Uncle Tom, the good Negro submissive, hearty, faithful no matter what, stoic, selfless, and oh-so-very- multifariousness,6Buck, the proud and inauspicious Black man always interes ted in white women Wench/ Jezebel, the temptress the mixed race Mulatto and Pickaninnies, who have bulging eyes, unkempt hair, red lips and great mouths into which they stuff huge slices of watermelon.7As time moved on, black appearance in mainstream films became more and more frequent, as well as the increase in the number of independent black directors, from Oscar Micheaux to Daniel Lee and Spike Lee. Since The Birth of a Nation, which marked a change in emphasis from the pretentious but innoxious Jim Crow to the threatening savage Nigger, black filmmakers have responded by creating race movies and blaxploitation films which were tailored to black audiences . The 1970s witnessed a resurgence of the blaxploitation genre with films such as Sweet Sweetbacks Baadassss Song (1971), Shaft (1971), Black Caesar (1973) and Foxy Brown (1974). Since such films were themselves in turn accused of using the negative to hyperbolize issues pertaining to blacks , this genre cut its end in the l ate 1970s to give way to a new wave of black directors, such as S. Lee and John Singleton, who concentrate on black urban life. However, we cannot afford to simply celebrate the achievements of black filmmakers for the so-called ethnic arts. And as Stuart Hall remarks, we have come out of the age of innocence, which says that its good if its there.8The mere fact that such films have had a considerable increase does not mean that the black self is undergoing a positive change although it may be true that the level of clear-cut racism has known an important decrease, or even a disappearance. This can be backed up by Appiahs statement that changes in the representation of blacks do not ipso facto lead to changes in their treatment.9In Bamboozled (2000), Spike Lee directly addresses this issue of African American representability as being a discourse of white essentialism. Through Bamboozled (2000) the director invites his audience to realize that although nobody goes around in blackfa ce anymore,10it does not entail that Hollywood has altogether abandoned/given up essentialist discourse. The name of the blackface show in Bamboozled (2000) is in itself very symbolic Mantan The New Millennium Minstrel Show. Here, Lee suggests that minstrelsy has not disappeared in the new millennium. In his own words therefore, it has only gotten more sophisticated. Gangsta rap videos, a lot of the TV shows on UPN and WB- a lot of us are still acting as buffoons and coons.11Clearly, his aim in this satirical film is to show that even today, the American film industry is still hiding essentialist discourses within contemporary films. Consequently, as essentialism involves ongoing human and social interaction as well as limitation, identity regulation and enforcement takes place within this kind of racist discourse, whereby blacks have to undergo identity dilemma while trying to seek approval.Appiah, K. A. (1993). No Bad Nigger Blacks as the Ethical Principle in the Movies. In Garber , M, Matlock, J and Walcowitz, R, L Media Spectacles. New York Routledge. 77-90.Bogle, D. (2001). Black Beginnings From Uncle Toms Cabin to The Birth of a Nation. In Bogle, D Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies and Bucks An Interpretive History of Blacks in American Films . quaternary ed. London The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc. p1-18.Crowdus, G. and Georakas, D. (2002). An Interview with Spike Lee. In Cynthia Fuchs Spike Lee Interviews. United States of America University Press of Mississippi. 202-217.Mercer, K. (1994). Diaspora Culture And The Dialogic Imagination The aesthetics Of Black Independent Film In Britain. In Mercer, K Welcome to the Jungle New Positions in Black Cultural Studies. New York Routledge. 53-68.Wijdan, A. (2003). Muslim Women amidst Clich and Reality. Diogenes. 50 (3), 77-87.

Strategies for Dietetic Communication

Str takegies for dietary talkAbstractThis report contains information somewhat the academician dis cut, history, resources apply, and communication skills, which make up an grievous arna for a c in solely in allingal in the dietetic work. A brief explanation of the AMA style manual affaird in the dietetic employment is also outlined and compared to the APA style manual. There is a shared understanding of language and terminology that must exist in the dietetic profession, along with noesis of the ever-changing edible world that a schoolmaster works in. It is important to know the history of the profession that a person works in to amply appreciate how it evolved to what it is today and who the people are that deserve credit for their hard work and determination. M whatever resources are involved in gaining knowledge and producing materials that will tutor separates as well. From journals to magazines, there are m both sources that give up up to date, valuable infor mation that empennage enhance the schoolmaster person career of a dietetic professional. Communication skills are the most important characteristic of a dietetic professional. The many ways a dietetic communicates is reviewed in this report. There are many areas to search in the dietetic profession and that is what is universe presented here.Dietetic ProfessionDISCOURSEA certain language and style of communication that is common among groups of people idler be described as discourse. Ideas and rules are shared within a profession biotic community to effectively communicate and comprehend the intended pass. A usable structure is learned and lets common language for those who are involved a certain profession.The discourse of dietetics involves many areas of battleground of which one must constrain long-familiar with in order to communicate effectively with other professionals in the field. A certain vocabulary and terminology must be searched, studied, understood, and co mmunicated between members of this educated community. It is needful to engage in the values, vocabulary, forms, and manners of the language to be able to effective communicate with those involved in Dietetic profession (1).Learning the discourse of Dietetics begins with the propensity to become a professional in the field. One has to be open to instruction the required material and master it. There is no end to the learning it is a constant demand to keep oneself-importance up to speed with what is going on in the topical time. There are always more than sources, advancements, and brand-newer interests being sparked amongst professionals who desire to make a difference.A person who desires to work in the Dietetic field whitethorn constitute an interest in works with the community in a public health setting, in a clinic or hospital, long-term care, or possibly in fare serve management. The required program is relative for all of the mentioned and tolerates a base for a g ood understanding of nutrition, interpersonal communication, and the health of those that seek Dietetic operate. While the classroom sets the stage for what a student seeking a Dietetic class needs, there is so much that is also learned while performing on-the job training and internship requirements.An important aspect of Dietetic coursework is having an understanding of multiple sciences. It is a challenging biological field and demands attention in the areas of nutritional and diet sciences (2). Chemistry is important to study and understand how the human body breakdowns and uses energy. The diet that goes into a persons body has chemical straightlacedties that are used as energy. It is unavoidable to complete human anatomy and physiology courses with a firm understanding of the bodys systems and how they work. Without a clear understanding of how the body works, there would be gr exhaust mystery as to how the body receives, uses, and disposes of nutritiouss that are consu med.Communication skills are as important as any other skill when working with other professionals in dietetics, clients, and customers. It is necessary that dietetic workers go for open communication with other professionals in different fields to ensure that proper treatment and bringing up will be delivered to the client. A common language and terminology is necessary between members of the medical and nutritional field. It is necessary to have access to Merck manuals and medical terminology manuals as a desk reference.There is a difference in presentation when considering whom the reference will be. If a Dietetic professional is presenting to others in the field, it would be appropriate to use tables and graphs that dis match research bob uping on the new diabetes medication and its do on certain ethnic groups. In this case, medical terms and treatment plans can be discussed using words and descriptions that might non be easily recognized by a client or someone unfamiliar with medical terms. It is very important to consider any communication barriers that may be present when counseling and discussing treatment plans with clients. Therefore, it is necessary to be flexible, have, and recognize the different levels of understanding of all different kinds of people.Mathematics is actively part of the day-to-day mundane of dietetic personnel. Whether it is tallying up a clients caloric intake for the day or calculating how many kilocalories a certain patient might need in accordance to their body mass index, basic math and algebra come into play to each one day. If a dietetic professional takes the position of nutrition service manager, that professional has the responsibility of budget preparation, employee hours, wages, training hours, and many other areas that require the use and implementation of mathematics.Most facilities use designated computer applications and programs to keep everyone involved organized and up to date with the care plan and t reatment of patients. Altru Health Systems uses Carex and Affinity computer programs to aid in assessment, charting, implementing diet orders, tracking dietary intake, room service and meal management, and for the convenience of shared information between all disciplines that have access to the programs. This is a very useful and accurate way for everyone involved to stupefy on the same page and therefore be able to deliver better service to the patient.Problem solving skills are tested everyday as new health conditions and medical treatments are constantly changing. Each person who walks done the door requiring dietetic services is unique and needs assessment and book binding to determine the best method for treatment and care. What works for one person, may not work for the other. Each care plan is tailored to the individual for any specific needs that may be present. There may be a point when a physician refers someone to nutrition health services for treatment and while asse ssing the patient, something does not quite match up or a new diagnosis may be necessary. In cases like these, all health professionals need to be up to date with testing and treatment procedures.Keeping up-to-date with the advancements and knowledge of the field through and through with(predicate) joining the American Dietetic Association can offer a variety of resources and opportunities to stay involved with the profession (3). There are quarterly meetings and continuing professional education (CPE) attribute that professionals can take to keep up with the latest research. Health Magazines and newspapers are also grand ways to keep up with what is going on in the profession. Someone who is working in a food service management position may not know what kinds of new medications are being used in combination with nutrition therapies and vice a versa.Experimentation is happening all of the time, especially if working as a clinical dietician. Finding the salutary diet fit for eac h individual takes trial, error and patience. With the obesity epidemic, Celiac disease, and other dietary related health highlights, it is necessary for the dietetic professional to be open to new appraisals and trials of treatment. Research on how the body uses certain macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals can help professionals understand why certain things affect different people, while others may not be affected at all.Sanitation and food safety is key in providing healthful food to all people, especially those who already in a compromised state. September is bailiwick Food Safety Education Month, which was created to heighten the awareness of the importance of food safety (4). Proper pot washing, sanitation of workspaces, avoiding cross-contamination, proper cooling methods, and ensuring food is cooked and held for service at the appropriate temperatures must be implemented. A Serve Safe certification is necessary to obtain prior to outcome of the outlined curriculum for the dietetic program. This certification is good for five years and needs to be renewed before expiration otherwise, the course must be repeated to obtain a new certification.The Food Guide Pyramid was developed by the US Department of Agriculture to be used as a visual tool to help people make healthy food choices (5). This is a helpful guide for Dietetic professionals to use when counseling patients and calculating meal plans. There is also a specific Food Guide Pyramid for patients with diabetes. The exchange system, in regards to carbohydrates, needs to be considered when preparing a healthy meal plan for this community of people.There are many sources, which can be accessed to aid members of this community in learning and developing a professional and working knowledge of the required technical language and methods used for effective communication. Reading academic journals, attending ADA meetings, joining committees, ne devilrking within, attending conferences and workshops, and reading health and nutritional magazines can all be great sources to discover the language used and the format in which the message is delivered.Dietetic work out Groups (DPG) provides opportunities to increase knowledge through newsletters, publications and continuing professional education credits (6). People who have a shared interest in a more specific area of the profession set up these groups. The goals and interests of the ADA are upheld as new issues are explored and focused on. These groups can help members network and be part of a little group within a larger group, of which they become the expert on a specific topic or issue.The AMA style manual is used in the Dietetic profession and provides the appropriate format for citation and professional writing. The manual provides a guide for abbreviating and referencing materials that are commonly used in the writings of professional works. The ADA website, www.eatright.org, is a great place to find important communicati on information, ranging from sample letters to forms, to application assistance. The discourse of Dietetics is complex and takes time and interest to become the expert in.HISTORYThe history of food and nutrition dates back as far as the beginning of recorded history. In the era of hunters and gathers, people knew that they had to eat in order to survive. The teachings and techniques that were used to obtain food at that time came from trial and error. It was up to the people to figure out which foods were suitable and which could possibly eccentric illness or even death. The importance of food, specific dietary patterns and disease prevention were observed in the Indian Ayurvedic tradition, dating back to 2500 BCE (7). Looking beyond the medieval era, western science and medicine developed ways of thinking about food and health between 600 BCE and 300 CE (7). Societies throughout each era have looked at diet and nutrition as a means of healthy living and survival.Through the Renais sance and up to the eighteenth century, reports have noted that diet and nutrition were an integral part of having a fulfilled life (7). Many documents from ancient and historical times have evidence that inventions for food processing were becoming common knowledge and new foods were being discovered. In this time, food was mostly produced and consumed entirely within the local area. A familys nourishment was provided by the food that was grown and prepared within the family and exchanged with nearby neighbors. Cooking and preservation techniques at this time were not necessarily safe but were evolving towards more advanced processes.During the Industrial Revolution, the introduction of railroads and wagon roads made the transfer of goods likely at greater distances. This shift began to affect the foods that people had access to and what they ate (8). The science of nutrition began to emerge in the early to mid nineteenth century. During this time, both Europe and the United State s were influenced by their governments to increase the yield of food from works crops and animal herds (7). Food production held a very important role in nourishing the soldiers who were fighting in the war. Safe food was soon build to be the key for survival of troops, especially those who had been maimed and needed proper nourishment to fight illness and infection.Dietetics as a profession can be linked back to the evolution of home economics (9). The early evolution of food and nutrition science was explored to feed soldiers in battle and to also to provide necessary nutrition to those who were preparing to become young soldiers. pabulum and appropriate food choices were demonstrated to young families to ensure healthy individuals. World War I brought food shortages. Those who were knowledgeable in dietetics encouraged others to plant gardens and learn how to develop recipes for home and hospital use. Both world wars experienced the creation of dietetics as a profession (9).M any important people deserve credit in the history of Dietetics. Far more than five people contributed to its development. Dietetics is largely applied by the use of chemistry. It is necessary to recognize Antoine Lavoisier, who is known as the Father of Chemistry. Lavoisier was born into an f number class, Paris family in 1743. He was able to obtain a law stop at the College Mazarin, though he never practiced law. He had more interest in mathematics and science and gained membership into the academy of Sciences at 25 years old. (10). Lavoisier had many contributions, which include the assistance in establishing the metric system, to naming 33 elements of periodic table. He died at 51 from literally losing his head. He was shew guilty of conspiracy against the people of France.Wilbur Olin Atwater, an American chemist, was born May 3, 1844 in Johnsburg, New York. Atwater is known for his studies in human nutrition and metabolism. He pursued an undergrad degree at Wesleyan Unive rsity in Connecticut and later went on to obtain his PhD from Yale Universitys Sheffield scientific School in agricultural chemistry (11). Atwater invented a whatchamacallum called the respiration calorimeter that measured human metabolism balance by analyzing the heat produced and metabolic rate by a person performing certain activities. This new invention aided many new studies in dietary evolution and food analysis (7, 8, 11).Energy and protein sources were studied and measured to determine that certain foods provide different amounts of nutrients and energy than others. The fat, protein, and carbohydrates of all different kinds of foods were observed and soon there was an awareness of the food calorie. Atwater continued to lead research teams on the discovery of nutrient requirements, food composition and consumption, and consumer economics (12). Throughout his discoveries, Atwater determined that Americans eat more unhealthful foods than desired and do not exercise enough.Flor ence Nightingale, born 1820 in Tuscany into an upper class family, needs to be mentioned as a contributor to Dietetics as she was the one who acknowledged the need for safe and nutritious food for soldiers during the Crimean War (13). She was really a pioneer nurse in her time and was determined to improve the living conditions at the camp hospitals and made an effort to clean and organize facilities where patients were cared for. Her contributions helped cattle ranch awareness of the requirement for clean, safe, and nutritious foods.There is a long history of health and nutrition and the involvement and contribution of many people and their discoveries has made great progress. Most of the progress has been made in the last century years, as new technologies have been a great asset to nutritional health and implementation. Scientific advances, social and economic factors, and military conflicts are contributors to the advancement of the dietetic profession as well. The most impor tant contribution would have to be the determination and inscription by early dietitians who knew that there was a difference to be made and that they were the ones who would be able to make that difference.The understanding and importance of good eating habits was not common, not known, or perhaps just not understood by most of society. Scientific experiments were documented and scholarly journals written about nutrients, but they were roughly impossible to understand by anyone who was not in the dietetic profession. Alice Blood was the one who would be able to put all of the difficult works into something that could be understood by large public audience. She translated science-based nutrition information into easy-to-read pamphlets in an effort to educate people on good nutrition.Alice Blood obtained a bachelors degree from mama Institute of Technology and a PhD in biochemistry from Yale. She also held the title of director at the School of Household Economics at Simmons Colle ge in Massachusetts (14).Many changes came about in 1917 for the dietetics profession and many women contributed to these changes. A new organization, the American Dietetic Association ADA, was born in the fall of 1917 when more than 100 women organized a meeting in Cleveland to discuss multiple issues within dietetics. Lulu Graves, a dietician in Cleveland, held a strong position that dietitians play an important role of the medical team and that when nutrition services are offered to patients, money is saved (14).This is a time when dietitians had the primary role of feeding the wounded and sick in hospitals. The doctors were the ones who could prescribe special diets for treatments and dietitians were like the physicians assistants. At this point, doctors were primarily male and all dietitians were female. Graves stressed the importance of scientific training for dietitians and knew that the futurity of dietetics would be assured.Lulu Graves was elected the first president of th e ADA (15). At the first meeting, many issues were discussed especially concerning food conservation and international food needs. This was an important time for the Association to come together, as World War I was still in full. The annual meeting to follow had greater attending and included more states involvement.By the sixth annual meeting, which was held in Indianapolis in 1923, insulin was presented as the new treatment for diabetes (15). Insulin was discovered and isolated at the University of Toronto in 1921-1922 by Dr. Frederick Banting (16). Insulin is a hormone that is produced in the pancreas and is necessary to keep glucose levels in the blood at a safe and functional level. This was a major(ip) event in dietetic history, as the diagnosis and treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes continues to be largely addressed.Food technology was on the rise going into the 1930s. Refrigerators, toasters, canned goods, frozen vegetables, sliced bread and many other developments we re introduced. These new preparation and storage methods provided more convenience for keeping food on hand.Obesity became a health concern, which was the topic of discussion towards the end of the 30s. Soon to follow would be the opening of the first McDonalds and Dairy Queen in the early 1940s (15). If what was known then about the negative health affects Americans would experience from frequenting fast food chains, one has to wonder if there would be any earlier changes in the way food is processed and produced for these places.Martha Lewis Nelson was a pioneer in exploring total education of dietitians (14). The original dietetic program was a four-year course at a University with a major in food and nutrition with a six-month dietetic internship. In 1942, Lewis was the director of Medical Dietetics at Ohio State University and she redesigned the internship program, devising it possible to earn a Master of Science degree along with the internship (14). Many institutions today u se this curriculum to develop education programs for dietetics.In 1966, nutrition and diet therapy services were included in comprehensive medical care programs. Clare Forbes, a Massachusetts delegate to the ADAs House of Delegates, was the force behind this movement (14). Forbes is impute for developing future state legislative programs and guiding the development of the ADAs mission statement (14).Twenty-six years ago, in 1982, the ADAs capacity to reach the public on food nutrition, and health concerns was forever changed. A new resource center, National Canter for Nutrition and Dietetics, was funded through a capital fund program (15). National Nutrition Month is one of the outreach programs that are very active today. The purpose of National Nutrition Month is to help make people aware of necessity of a healthy lifestyle and diet. Many more factors go into health other than just what a person eats. Diet and exercise go hand in hand.If it were not for the good old girls Blood, Graves, Lewis Nelson, and Forbes, the American Dietetic Association may not exist today. It is up to those in the profession to get the message out to the public about good health and nutrition so that money and lives can be saved in the end.Over the past 20 years, many new diet fads have been introduced. Some of these diets have proven to be effective and safe while others are affective and unsafe. Most practically the results are temporary, as the people get bored with the same food or routine and then end up failing. Reading nutrition labels and gene lists on foods has become more popular in the past couple of years as people now have a better idea of what they are looking for. There are multiple commercials, newspaper articles, and health magazines that give health alerts to new findings in the food that people eat.With all of the sources in which nutrition facts and health information can be found, Americans are far more educated now than they ever have been before. The image is to get into general anatomy and live healthier lifestyles. The advancements in medical technology have expanded the role of the dietetic professional on so many levels. Special diets, automatically altered foods, and diagnosis of new disease conditions have forced nutritional professionals to test and experiment with new ways of feeding patients and ensuring that they are receiving appropriate nutrition.RESOURCESFrom academic journals to informational web sites, dietetic professionals look to many sources each day for updated health information and new discoveries. As a dietetic technician, registered dietician, nutritionist, or educator of dietetics, it is necessary to have many resources readily available. Educating and keeping up to date with the latest and greatest is the responsibility of each individual to ensure that they are providing the best possible care to patients. Since there are different focus areas in the dietetic profession, it is necessary to identify the be st possible resources in which to keep each self informed and to continue learning day to day.The first major reference that is read and referred to regularly is the diary of the American Dietetic Association. This journal covers practice applications, research that has been conducted, a calendar of events, new products and services, and a list of periodicals abstracted. Any area of study in the dietetic profession will be able to find useful information is in the journal. There is also a listing of job opportunities and advertisement for education at the back of the journal. Contact information is provided for non-dietetic professional to contact those who are in the profession (17). Elsevier Inc. in New York, NY announcees the Journal of the American Dietetic Association monthly. The copyright belongs to the American Dietetic Association with all rights reserved (17). Journals can be ordered from the publisher, found in public and school libraries and accessed online.There are c ertain journals that will most often be on the desks or bookshelves of those in the dietetic profession. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition is a publication of the American Society for Nutrition (18). The major focus of this journal is to provide information from clinical studies that have been conducted on basic human nutrition. This is a wonderful source to keep professionals up to date with the newest results from experiments and findings that have been performed by researchers and scientists. Using this journal as a reference is important, as all research is relevant to those in the profession. This journal is create monthly with two volumes per year in Bethesda, MD (18). Print and online subscriptions are available to both members and non-members of the dietetic profession. This journal can also be found in libraries.The Journal of Nutrition provides professionals with information on experiment nutrition, controversial issues in nutrition and critical reviews of nutrit ion scientists. This journal began circulation in 1928 as the official publication of the American Society for Nutrition. The journal publishes manuscripts that advance the understanding of nutritional mechanisms in the human population (19). This journal is also published monthly in Bethesda, MD. Anyone who has a membership in the American Society for Nutrition has access to the online version of the Journal of Nutrition. The journal can be found in the library and subscribed to through the publisher.Another journal, Nutrition, is designed as both an open access online journal and as a hardcopy version published by Elsevier. The interest of the journal is to publish results from clinical trials performed by physicians and scientists of all fields that aim to find better ways of determining treatment and diagnosis. Research articles, case studies, and peer reviews are all included in this journal. BioMed Central is the independent publisher of Nutrition journal online. Once articles are accepted and published by BioMed Central, they are also handy at PubMed Central and MEDLINE (20). Access to BioMed Central can be achieved by using the URL http//www.biomedcentral.com.Nutrition Research journal is An International Publication to set ahead Food and Life Science Research (21). The journal is another one of many publications that is from Elsevier. Dietetic professionals refer to this journal for the latest articles and reviews of basic and applied nutrition, global communication of nutrition, and research on food and health. The purpose of the journal is to provide an advanced understanding of nutrients and how dietary components improve health conditions in humans. The publication of Nutrition Research began in 1981 (21). There is a Nutrition Package that can be purchased which includes the fore mentioned Nutrition Journal and the Nutrition Research journal, which is available through Elsevier.The American Journal of Health Behavior is the official publication of the American Academy of Health Behavior. PNG Publications in Star City, WV publish this journal semimonthly. Members of the American Academy of Health Behavior receive the journal as part of their membership. Online access to the journal is included in the membership (22). The journal provides valuable information on maintenance, restoration, and improving health using multiple methods. Information on how behavior causes health affects and how health care programs can and have been implemented can be found in this journal as well. This journal is a valuable tool for dietetic professionals, as the studies included give information that can be used when educating patients and designing diet plans and healthy lifestyle outlines.A professional in dietetics who wishes to become an educator would find it a good idea to become part of the Society for Nutrition Education SNE. With a membership to SNE, professionals have access to the Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. Elsevier in New York, NY publishes the journal bimonthly (23). Journal articles and abstracts are accessible online at MEDLINE and www.jneb.org. Information that is found in the journal and online is beneficial for all levels of education. From school-aged children learning about the food groups to parents learning about appropriate feeding patterns, this resource will help educators with all levels of cliental.Four major magazines most often appear on the desks or end tables in the offices of dietitians and other nutrition professionals. Todays Dietitian is the most popular magazine subscription, which includes a wide range of health topics such as diabetes management, food allergies, research updates, and long-term care information. neat Valley Publishing Co., Inc. in Spring City, PA publishes this magazine (24). This magazine is very informational and easy to navigate to find exactly what a person is looking for.Todays Diet Nutrition offers expert information on issues such as eating ri ght, exercising and getting results. Like the Todays Dietitian magazine, Great Valley Publishing Co. Inc. publishes Todays Diet Nutrition in Spring City, PA (25). Food, fitness, knowledge, and balance are all important aspects in living a healthy life and this magazine has valuable information to help the health-conscious person achieve what they are looking for and working toward. This magazine is published bimonthly. Most libraries carry this subscription and it can be purchased at Barnes Noble and many other retail outlets.A magazine that offers the newest information on fad diets and newly discovered functions of nutrients is Nutrition Today, published by Lippincott Williams Wilkins in Philadelphia, PA (26). The magazine covers topics of nutrition science, obesity and behavior, nutritional guidelines, and the business of nutrition and roles of the nutritional professional. Information found in this magazine is from likely sources, which includes scientists and nutritionists who back their reports and findings with evidence. This is a very good source to reference when seeking information about the latest diets and up-to-date controversial issues in dietetics.Continuing education and keeping oneself up to date is extremely important in the dietetic profession. Registered dietitians and technicians can complete Continuing Professional Education (CPE) credits in a number of ways. One great resource for this is the Topics in Clinical Nutrition magazine, published in Philadelphia, PA by Lippincott Williams Wilkins (27). New and updated issues are addressed and current research results are provided to keep professionals up to speed with the ever-changing world of nutrition.Members of the American Dietetic Association can become part of Dietetic Practice Groups (DPG), which focus on certain areas of nutrition and health. Newsletters are printed monthly or quarterly, depending which group the member is involved in. These newsletters are available online as we ll as hard copy. Copyright belongs to the American Dietetic Association and is published by Elsevier Inc (28). The Nutrition Research Newsletter is a monthly newsletter published by Technical Insights/Frost Sullivan in San Antonio, TX (29). The latest developmen

Drug Abuse Essays -- Papers Drugs Narcotics Legal Essays Papers

Drug Ab implement The term drug abuse most often refers to the use of a drug with such frequency that it causes physical or mental harm to the user or impairs social functioning. Although the term seems to imply that users abuse the drugs they take, in fact, it is themselves or others they abuse by using drugs. Traditionally, the term drug abuse referred to the use of any drug prohibited by law, regardless of whether it was actually harmful or not. This meant that any use of marijuana, for example, even if it occurred only once in a while, would constitute abuse, while the same level of alcohol consumption would not. In 1973 the depicted object Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse declared that this definition was illogical. The term abuse, the commission stated, has no functional utility and has become no more than an arbitrary code word for that d rug presently considered wrong. As a result, this definition fell into disuse. The term drug is commonly associated with substances that may be purchased law largey by prescription for medical use, such as penicillin, which is almost never abused, and Valium, which is frequently abused, or illegal substances, such as angel dust, which are interpreted for the purpose of getting high, or intoxicated, but actually have no medical use. Other substances that may be purchased legally and are commonly abused include alcohol (see alcoholism) and nicotine, contained in tobacco cigarettes. In addition, in recent years, chemists working in illegal, clandestine laboratories have developed new chemicals that ha... ... policy and full legalization would be most effective. Needle exchange programs have cut down on drug-related AIDS transmission in Liverpool, England. The Dutch policy of de facto decriminalization for marijuana and hashish has not resulted in a rise i n use or abuse. Perhaps the guiding policy on drug use ought to be on harm reduction rather than waging a war on drug abuse. Some aspects of this policy should include a flexible or selective enforcement, vastly expanding drug treatment programs, needle exchange programs, a distinction between hard (cocaine and heroin) and soft drugs (marijuana), expanding antidrug educational efforts, and focusing on minify the use and abuse of tobacco and alcohol. The first priority should be to make sure that the users and abusers harm themselves and others as little as possible.

How Coal Is Formed :: Research Essays

How Coal Is Formed Coal is a very important fossil fuel. Without coal, brand would neer have been invented and could have changed my life-time dramatically. The reason for this is because I am from Pittsburgh. At one point in time Pittsburgh was the leading producer of sword, and even had the nickname The Steel City. During the early 1900s, steel factories were the main source of an income for people living in Pittsburgh. Working in these steel factories has been a part of my familys past, since three generations of my family have been part of the steel industry. Therefore coal is somewhat a part of me and learning about what coal and how it is formed fascinates me. The world-class step in the formation of coal is the skeletal frame up decomposed do debris known as peat. Peat is a complex hydrocarbon that is the building block for coal. There are several factors that influence the formation of peat. The first two factors are the evolutionary development of plant life and the climate conditions. Conditions have to be warm enough to produce plants, and have a fit amount of moisture to allow plants to decompose and protect the peat. The last factor consists of the physical circumstances of the area, which include locations of bodies of water and rates of subsidence or catch (Coal 2005). During a particular humid climate of the Carboniferous Period (360 to 286 million years ago), large tropical trees, ferns, and other plants constructed the great amount of areas that make up the coal beds of today (Peat 2005). The best conditions for coal to form are slow, constant subsidence, levees, beaches, and bars which give protection, and a limited supply of sediments that would stop peat formation (Coal 2005). With these conditions, the plant matter is able to build up. Bacterial decay through microorganisms begins to occur and peat is formed. Note that much of plant matter that lies on the surface of the Earth is ne ver converted to peat because of organic decomposition and natural fires (Coal 2005). When this occurs closer to the surface and oxygen is available, an aerobic process occurs producing gaseous and liquid products.

Greek Statues And the Olympics :: essays research papers

The time has come again for Olympics games to begin. Organizers of the Olympics must choose the finest statues from a certain time period they chose to decorate with the authorised period. They believed that the Classical period would trump out decorate the course of the marathon because they believe that the Classical statues characterize both modern and ancient values the best. The three Classical statutes that would best signify both ancient and modern values would be The Charioteer from Delphi, The Discus Thrower, and Zeus/Poseidon. These three Classical statutes would best depict both modern and westerly values because of their characteristics of determination, freedom of expression/language, as well as their perfection of form.The first statue to decorate the course of the marathon would be The Charioteer from Delphi. The Charioteer of Delphi is one of the most key sculptures to represent the course because he exemplifies the idealized realism through the expression on his face his facial expression basically summarizes the moment of victory in a race. However he doesnt show an expression/emotion because of his determination to be victorious. The athletic Charioteers form lets him stand and stare with a natural ease that allows him to concentrate, and allow him to be triumphant.The next statue to line the course of the marathon would be the Discus Thrower. This statue seems to be perfect depiction of a stunning athletic body. This sculpture catches the athlete in motion in the peak of his back swing. Although he has no facial expression, you can tell by the expression of his form of movement and weight shift, that he is trying hard to put his body in a powerful rotation to give the discus large speed. He is depiction of a beautiful athletic body because of his muscles and his perfect form which is what people in todays society strive for and speak out is the ideal body.Lastly, the next statue to line the marathon course would be the statue of Zeu s (or Poseidon). This statue provides the look of power because it is an open statue, ready to throw a lightning bolt, or a trident. Again, the facial expression is blank, and the weight shift is extreme to show that the body is in motion.

Genesis Notes :: essays research papers

Genesis 1-11 Cosmological Stories Etiology- deep human question that a story answersGenesis 1 How many geezerhood did it take for divinity to make the earth?Seven     1. Lighta. Nightb. Day2. Sky3. Dry landLet water divide Vegetation4. Stars          Genesis 2How were man/woman created?Man from dust, Woman from ribWhy do people want to marry? They are to leave their parents to go with their spouseWhat is our purpose?To watch over the Garden and the worldAdam- from Adamah- thing from dirtRuach- Gods breath, wind, spirit- makes Adam a living beingEve- mother of all living things 1st womanEden- delight, place for Adam and EveAnthropomorphic- having human-like qualitiesImmanent- God very presentTranscendant- outside, beyond, detached from creationOmniscience- every KnowingAutonomous- free to chooseSin-1) disobedience2) pointing the finger3) blaming someone else4) dont accept responsibility Genesis 4"h Sons of Adam and Ev e"h Cain- farmer repp of agrarian culture"h Abel- Shepherd rep of nomadic culture"h Themes"h Jealousy and murder"h Origins of violence"h Forsaking responsibility"h Mercy and capital penalization"h Gifts to God"h Cain- fat portions"h Abel- fruit of the earth"h God favors Abel"h Cain kills Abel out in the field"h God tries to get a confession by asking and not accusing"h Cain is the first murderer"h Capital punishment"h punishment"h Gets a mark for"h Protection"h Punishment"h Guilt"h Banished to land of Nod"h Land of roll"h Form of guilt"h Settled existenceGenesis 5"h Geneology- family line "h Begins with Adam -> NoahGenesis 69 V 917 Terms"h Gilgamesh"h Babylonian myth of flood"h Gilgamesh becomes a god"h Same as Moses"h God of Babylonians mountaint sleep because of racket so he floods the earth"h 40"h May be a symbol for a abundant time"h Const antly used in the bible"h Berith"h Covenant, promise"h God makes Beriths"h Put your life in Beriths"h Hebrew tradition"h Terrah"h Saving vessel"h "h Dove"h Peace"h New drop"h All can be food for people"h Dont eat animals for food "h Except they can take aim life blood"h You may not kill people"h Capital Punishment"h God will ProvideGenesis 12-50 Patriarchal Stories"h Rooted in specific time/ place"h Main characters"h Are social unlikelies from the same family with which whom God makes a Berith"h All experience a theophany"h Manifestation of God"h Berith involves Land and Blessing extended to the future"h Foundation for J, C, I"h Judaism"h Christian"h Islam, Muslim"h Rich in drama and suspense"h Cliffhangers"h Names reveal character of person, place"h Isaac means laughter"h Abraham means go"h Nomadic"h Everyone is on the move"h Ger"h Wande rer, sojourner, pilgrim"h First father"h

John Keats :: essays research papers

bottom Keats was one of the longest poets of the Romantic Era. He wrote poesy of great sensual beauty and had a unique fondness for details. In his lifetime he was not recognized with the senior poets. He didn&8217t receive the keep an eye on he deserved. He didn&8217t fit into the respected group because of his age, nor in the younger group because he was neither a lord nor in the fastness class. He was in the middle class and at that time people were treated differently because of their social status.John Keats was born in London on October 31, 1795. He was educated at Clarke&8217s School in Enfield. He enjoyed a liberal education that mainly reflected on his poetry. His father died when he was octette and his mother died when he was fourteen. After his mother died, his maternal grandmother granted two London merchants, John Rowland Sandell and Richard Abbey, guardianship. Abbey played a major roll in the development of Keats, as Sandell only played a minor one. These circum stances drew him extremely close to his two brothers, George and Tom, and his sister Fanny. When he 15, Abbey removed him from the Clarke School, as he became an apothecary-surgeon&8217s apprentice. Then in 1815, he became a student at Guy&8217s Hospital. He registered for a six- month course to locomote a licensed surgeon. Soon after he decided he was going to be a doctor he realized his true passion was in poetry. So he decided he would try to excel in poetry also. His poetry that he wrote six years before his remnant was not very good. As his life progressed his poetry became more mature and amazing. He looked up to Shakespeare and Milton. He studied a lot of there poetry and imitated these two writers. His work resembled Shakespeare. Soon after medical school, he returned to London and met Leigh Hunt. They began to write the Examiner, which was love poetry. In his lifetime he published three books of poetry Poems (1817), Endymion (1818), Lamia Isabella and other poems includi ng two famous poems &8220Odes and &8220Hyperion. Hunt then introduced him to a circle of literary men, including Percy Bysshe Shelley and William Wordsworth. These men influenced him to create his first volume of verses, called Poems by John Keats. Shelly persisted that he needed to develop a stronger body of work before publishing.